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World J Orthop. Dec 18, 2024; 15(12): 1135-1145
Published online Dec 18, 2024. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v15.i12.1135
Figure 3
Figure 3 Mechanism of healthy and dysbiotic microbiome resulting in osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis respectively. 1 representing transforming growth factor-beta from the healthy microbiome promotes proliferation and early differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells and matrix production. 2 representing interleukin-10 from the healthy microbiome inhibits differentiation and maturation of osteoclasts through upregulation of osteoprotegerin. 3 representing tumor necrosis factor-α from the T cells of dysbiotic microbiome results in the secretion of chemokines by bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells that increases the recruitment of monocytes into the bone marrow. 4 representing active differentiation of the monocytes into osteoclasts resulting in enhanced bone resorption and osteoclastogenesis. LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; Ig: Immunoglobulin; IL: Interleukin; BM-MSCs: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-beta; OC: Osteoclast.