Impacts of mesenchymal stem cells and hyaluronic acid on inflammatory indicators and antioxidant defense in experimental ankle osteoarthritis

Table 3 Effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell and/ or hyaluronic acid treatments on serum tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-17 (pro-inflammatory cytokines) and interleukin-4 (anti-inflammatory cytokine) levels in osteoarthritic rat

Parameters groups	TNF-α (pg/mL)	% change	IL-17 (pg/mL)	% change	IL-4 (pg/mL)	% change
Normal	16.55 ± 0.95d	-	35.47 ± 1.41e	-	117.63 ± 1.06a	-
Osteoarthritic control	82.65 ± 3.64a	399	129.52 ± 1.45a	265	48.77 ± 1.07c	-59
Osteoarthritic + BMMSC	30.38 ± 3.19c	-63	60.70 ± 2.05d	-53	96.40 ± 0.46b	98
Osteoarthritic + HA	28.97 ± 1.52c	-65	70.43 ± 2.51c	-46	97.40 ± 1.57b	100
Osteoarthritic + BMMS + HA	43.58 ± 4.04b	-47	76.04 ± 0.77b	-41	96.27 ± 4.01b	97

^aP < 0.05, in the same column, values with b, c, d and e are significantly different;

^bP < 0.05, in the same column, values with a, c, d and e are significantly different;

^cP < 0.05, in the same column, values with a, b, d and e are significantly different;

^dP < 0.05, in the same column, values with a, b, c and e are significantly different;

^eP < 0.05, in the same column, values with a, b, c and d are significantly different.

Data are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) of the mean (n = 6). Percentage changes were calculated by comparing osteoarthritic control with normal and osteoarthritic-treated groups with osteoarthritic control. BMMSCs: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; HA: Hyaluronic acid; IL: Interleukin; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha.