Application prospects of urine-derived stem cells in neurological and musculoskeletal diseases

Table 3 Differentiation and application of urine-derived stem cells and urine-derived pluripotent stem cells

Cells	Differentiation	Factors	Diseases/animal model	Ref.
USCs	NPCs	hEGF, bFGF		[28]
	Neural lineage cells (astrocytes)	Transplantation	CCI model (rat)	[28]
	Neurons	Laminin, PDGF-BB
		VPA, CHIR99021, repsox, forskolin, SP600625, GO6983, Y27632
	NSCs	Cocktail (P, F, V, N) and srRNA (with OSKG)
	Osteoblasts	Silver nanoparticles	Bone defect model
		Y-27632
		Calcium silicate ionic, BMP2
		BMP2, FAK
		BCP-CS
		Surface mineralized BCP		[19]
		BMP2-CSM/Col I hydrogel
	Chondrocytes	Hyaluronic acid with USCs
		Y-27632
		ACM scaffolds
	Muscle cells	VEGF, IGF-1, FGF-1, PDGF-BB, HGF, NGF
		HD myogenic differentiation medium		[103]
		Lentiviral with MYOD
		hp-HA (IGF-1, HGF, PDGF-BB)
	Hepatocytes	Co-culture with HPCs		[5]
UiPSCs	Cardiac myocytes	Activin A, bFGF, BMP4, DKK1, VEGF		[56]
		Cardiomyocyte differentiation kit (Gibco, catA2921201)
		CHIR99021, BIO, KY02111, IWP2
		GIWI2
		HIR99021, IWP2	MI (rat)
	KPCs		AKI	[69]
	Kidney organoids	Y-27632, APEL-2, CHIR99021, hFGF9, heparin
	Neurons, astrocytes	Transplantation	SCI model (rat)
	NPCs	N2B27, dorsomorphin, SB4315242
	HPCs	Flavonoid
	Muscle cells	CHIR99021		[52]
	Neurons, astrocytes, VECs		Simulate the brain microenvironment of diabetes mellitus
	RCs, CCs	RDM
	LB	BMP, BMP4, BMP7, bFGF, WNT3A
	AECs II
	Hepatocytes

ACM: Acellular cartilage extracellular matrix; AECs II: Alveolar type II epithelial cells; AKI: Acute kidney injury; BCP-CS: Biphasic calcium phosphate bioceramic ornamented with chitosan sponge; bFGF: Basic fibroblast growth factor; BIO: 6-bromoindole-3-oxime; BMP: Bone morphogenetic protein; BMP2-CSM/Col I hydrogel: BMP2-releasing chitosan microspheres/type I collagen hydrogel; CCs: Cone cells; CCI: Cerebral cortex injury; Cocktail (P): Puromorphamine; DKK1: Dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 1; F: Folliculin; FAK: Focal adhesion kinase; FGF-1: Fibroblast growth factor; GIWI2: Albumin-free GIWI; hEGF: Human epidermal growth factor; HFGF9: Human fibroblast growth factor; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; hp-HA: Heparin hyaluronic-acid hydrogel; HPCs: Hematopoietic progenitor cells; IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor-1; IWP2: Inhibitor WNT protein 2; KPCs: Kidney progenitor cells; LB: Lentoid body; MI: Myocardial infarction model; MYOD: Myogenic differentiation 1; N: Sodium butyrate; NGF: Nerve growth factor; NPCs: Neural progenitor cells; NSCs: Neural stem cells; OSKG: Octamer-binding transcription factor 4, sex determining region Y-box transcription factor 2, kruppel-like factor 4, and GLIS1; PDGF-BB: Platelet-derived growth factor BB; RCs: Rod cells; RDM: Retinal differentiation medium; SCI: Spinal cord injury model; srRNA: Self-replicating mRNA; UiPSCs: Urine-derived pluripotent stem cells; USCs: Urine-derived stem cells; V: Vitamin C; VECs: Vascular endothelial cells; VEE: Venezuelan equine encephalitis; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; VPA: Valproic acid; WNT3A: Wingless/integrated family member 3A.