Return to sport following toe phalanx fractures: A systematic review

Table 5 Outcome data - stress fractures

Ref.	n	Treatment (%)	Return to sport (%)	Return to the same level of sport (%)	Time to return to sport (mean)	Secondary surgery - return rate (RR)/Return time (RT)	Factors associated with secondary surgery	Persisting symptom (%)	Complications (%)
Yokoe et al[22], 1986	3	PCM (67) PSM (33)	3 (100)	N/A	PCM - 3 mo; PSM - N/A			0 (0)	0 (0)
Shiraishi et al[23], 1993	3	PCM (100)	3 (100)	3 (100)	6 wk			1 (33)	1 non-union for a patient who did not stop training (33)
Yokoe et al[8], 2004	10	PCM (100)	6 (60)	6 (60)	N/A	4 (40) – RR 100%	Hallux valgus deformity (n = 3)	0 (0)	3 delayed unions with PCM (50)
Pitsis et al[24], 2004	2	PCM (100)	0 (0)a	0 (0)a	N/A	1 (50) – RR 100%	2-yr delay to diagnosis	0 (0)	1 non-union with PCM (50)
Munemoto et al[25], 2009	4	PCM (50) PSM (50)	4 (100)	4 (100)	PCM - 8.5 wk, PSM - 10 wk			0 (0)	1 mild deformity with PCM (50)
Yamaguchi et al[26], 2017	4	PCM (100)	3 (75)	3 (75)	5 wk	1 (25) – RR 100%/RT 4 mo	1-yr delay to diagnosis/Claw toe deformity	0 (0)	1 non-union and claw toe deformity with PCM (25)

^a1 no return due to fear of re-injury. PCM: Primary conservative management; PSM: Primary surgical management.