Viral infections in orthopedics: A systematic review and classification proposal

Table 1 Study characteristics of articles dealing with hepatitis C virus patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty/total hip arthroplasty or other major orthopedic surgery

Author (year)	Study design	Inoculated groups and number of subjects	Risk factors/outcome measures	Outcomes	Follow-up
Best (2014)	Retrospective cohort study of non-cirrhotic HCV positive individuals and HCV negative patients who underwent TKA/THA in the USA from 1990-2007	Group 1: 26444 HCV patients, 14452 subjected to THA (51.2% males) and 11992, to TKA (36.5% males); Group 2: 8336822 HCV negative patients, 2968679 subjected to THA (42.6% males), and 5370202 subjected to TKA (36.2% males)	Gender, Age, LOHS, Comorbidities, post-operative bleeding, thrombocytopenia, transfusion reaction, cardiac complications, peripheral vascular complications, urinary complications, acute renal failure, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, deep venous thrombosis, blood transfusion, osteomyelitis, and infection	LOHS, age, rates of total complications, and post-operative bleeding	Not specified
Chowdhury (2017)	Retrospective registry study with a propensity-matched cohort including HCV patients and uninfected participants who have undergone TKA, THA, and spine procedures in the USA between 2006-2014	Group 1: 1131 (52% males) with HCV; Group 2: 95161 (56% males) non-HCV individuals, and after propensity score matching, 1131 non-HCV patients were matched to the HCV group, and the cohort consisted of 2262 patients	Mortality within 30- or 90-d, readmission, and complications within 30 and 90 d	Mortality assessment, complication, and readmission rate evaluation	Up to 30 and 90 d post-operatively or upon complication
Pour (2011)	Retrospective case-control study with a control group matched at a 2:1 ratio with asymptomatic HCV patients subjected to THA and TKA from 1995-2006 in the USA	Group 1: n = 39 (29 males) HCV patients who have undergone THA; Group 2: n = 80 (60 males) patients who have undergone THA (control group); Group 3: n = 32 (15 males) HCV patients subjected to TKAGroup 4: 64 (30 males) patients subjected to TKA (control group)	Αge, gender, BMI, need for transfusion, preoperative PLTS, LOHS, and the complication rate	Complication assessment (wound, mechanical, fracture, reoperation, revision); Length of hospital stay	101 mo (range 66-140) for the HCV patients subjected to THA; 94 mo (range 45-131 mo) for the control group subjected to THA, 117 months (range 67-150 mo) for the HCV patients subjected to TKA; 98 mo (range 49-133 mo) for the control group subjected to TKA

TKA: Total knee arthroplasty; THA: Total hip arthroplasty; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; LOHS: Length of hospital stay; PLTS: Platelets; BMI: Body mass index.