Long-term outcomes of the four-corner fusion of the wrist: A systematic review

Table 3 Fusion rates, survivorship including rates of conversion to total wrist fusion and complications

Author	Number of wrists	Fixation technique	Nonunion (n)	Fusion (%)	Revisions (%)	Conversion to TWF (%)	Complications
Cha SM	40	K-wires	0	100	2 (5)	1 (3)	1 x impingement
Luegmair M	24	Plates	2	92	2 (8)	0	-
Bain GI	31	Staples	3	90	5 (16)	2 (7)	1 x delayed union
Berkhout MJL	8	K-wires	1	88	-	-	1 x CRPS, 1 x delayed union
Kitzinger HB	37	K-wires	-	-	-	-	-
Trail I	116	K-wires, plates, staples, screws	28	76	14 (12)	6 (5)	3 x impingement
Neubrech F	60	K-wires	-	-	-	-	-
Odella S	20	Plates	0	100	1 (5)	0	1 x implant loosening
Traverso P	15	K-wires	0	100	2 (13)	1 (7)	-
Wagner ER	51	Plates	6	88	15 (29)	6 (12)	1 x infection, 8 x impingement
Williams J	61	K-wires, plates, screws	3	95	21 (34)	12 (20)	4 x impingement, 1 x ulnar impaction, 1 x infection
Totals/Averages	463		43 (9%)	91 ± 7	62 (13%)	28 (6%)

TWF: Total wrist fusion; CRPS: Complex regional pain syndrome; K-wires: Kirschner wires.