Complications in growth-friendly spinal surgeries for early-onset scoliosis: Literature review

Table 1 Demographic data from the reviewed articles

	Ref.	Construct	Subject	Sex (male/female)	Age at IP	Follow up	Diagnosis	No of patient with final spinal fusion	Comments, kind of complication analyzed
1	Bess et al[15], 2010	TGR	140	71/59	6	5.0	Neuromuscular (n = 52), idiopathic (n = 40), congenital (n = 24), and other (n = 24)	50	W, I, A, M
2	Du et al[16], 2020		167	69/98	7,2	10.7	Idiopathic (n = 45), neuromuscular (n = 56), syndromic (n = 43), congenital (n = 21), other (n = 2)	167	Analyzed patients who had undergone a FF after growing-rod treatment, W, I, A, M
3	Andras et al[13], 2015		36	nd	6.1	4.3	Syndromal (n = 10), idiopathic (n = 11), congenital (n = 2), neuromuscular (n = 13)	nd	I, M
4	Myung et al[17], 2014		159	nd	5	4.7	Neuromuscular (n = 46), congenital (n = 42), idiopathic (n = 37), syndromal (n = 34)	nd	I
5	Arandi et al[18], 2014		175	78/97	5.9	5.2	Idiopathic (n = 69), syndromal (n = 62), neuromuscular (n = 44)	nd	I
6	Liang et al[19], 2015		55	16/39	6.8	38.4	Congenital (n = 28), idiopathic (n = 6), syndromal (n = 8), neuromuscular (n = 6) and miscellaneous disorders (n = 7)	10	W, I, A, M
7	Ramirez et al[20], 2020		67	32/35	6	4.1	Only non-ambulatory neuromuscular early-onset scoliosis	nd	W, I, M
8	Yamaguchi et al[21], 2014		176	nd	nd	4.7	Congenital (n = 48), neuromuscular (n = 42), syndromal (n = 37), idiopathic scoliosis (n = 32) and miscellaneous (n = 17)	nd	I
9	Poe-Kochert et al[22], 2016		100	42/58	7	4.3	Neuromuscular (n = 38), syndromic (n = 31), idiopathic (n = 22), congenital (n = 9)	100	Analyzed patients who had undergone a FF after growing-rod treatment; W, I
10	Kabirian et al[23], 2014		379	177/202	6.3	5.3	nd	nd	Only deep infection analyzed
11	Hosseini et al[24], 2018		274	114/160	6.7	6.3	Neuromuscular (n = 84), congenital (n = 43), syndromic (n = 89), idiopathic (n = 58)	nd	I
12	Johnston et al[25], 2013		27	nd	5.3	4.5	Neuromuscular (n = 6), idiopathic (n = 11), syndromic (n = 10)	6	Comparing with cast treatment, complications in total
13	Bachabi et al[11], 2020		50	nd	5.5	8.3	nd	nd	W, I, A, M
14	Luhmann et al[14], 2017		18	18	7.7	7.4	Idiopathic (n = 9), neuromuscular (n = 7), syndromic (n = 1), congenital (n = 1)	17	W, I, M
15	Akbarnia et al[10], 2014		12	5	6.5	4.1	Not given	nd	W, I, M
16	Harris et al[8], 2020		353	nd	6	6.0	Not given	nd	I, TGR -318 cases, 35 -VEPTR cases
17	Helenius et al[9], 2018		214	94/120	5.6	6.0	Neuromuscular (n = 68), congenital (n = 28), syndromic (n = 74), idiopathic (n = 44)	49	W, I, M TGR cases 198) MCGR cases 16
18	Gadepalli et al[26], 2011	VEPTR	26	16/10	7.58	7.0	Congenital or infantile scoliosis (n = 12), neuromuscular scoliosis (n = 5), unspecified structural thoracic disorder (n = 7), Jeune syndrome (n = 2)	nd	W, I, M
19	Bachabi et al[11], 2020		22	nd	4.3	7.7	nd	nd	W, I, M
20	Crews et al[27], 2018		151	16/6	7.1	3+	nd	nd	Only SSIs following VEPTR implant or revision surgeries were identified
21	Murphy et al[28], 2016		25	12/13	5.7	4.5	Congenital (n = 25)	nd	W, I, M
22	Berger-Groch et al[29], 2020		13	7/6	2.2	7.6	Congenital (n = 13)	nd	W, I, M
23	Hasler et al[30], 2010		23	8/15	6.5	3.6	Early onset idiopathic scoliosis (n = 1), neuromuscular (n = 11), post-thoracotomy scoliosis (n = 2), Sprengel deformity (n = 1), hyperkyphosis (n = 2), myopathy (n = 1), syndromic (n = 5)	nd	W, I, A, M
24	Latalski et al[31], 2011		12	nd	5.25	2.5	Congenital (n = 3), neuromuscular (n = 9)	0	W, I, A, M
25	Hell et al[32], 2005		15	8/7	6	nd	Congenital (n = 9), neuromuscular (n = 6)	0	W, I, M
26	Garg et al[33], 2014		103	57/46	5.3		Neuromuscular (n = 30), congenital (n = 44), syndromic (n = 18), idiopathic (n = 11)		Only wound complications following VEPTR implant or revision surgeries were identified
27	Waldhausen et al[34], 2016		65	nd	6.9	6.9	Congenital (n = 23), neuromuscular (n = 12), syndromic (n = 14), idiopathic (n = 2), other (n = 14)	28	W, I, M
28	Striano et al[35], 2019		166		6.81		Neuromuscular (n = 61), syndromic (n = 38), congenital (n = 64), idiopathic (n = 3)	nd	Only wound complications following VEPTR implant or revision surgeries were identified
29	Lucas et al[36], 2013		54	21/33	7	2.0	Neuromuscular (n = 19), congenital (n = 30), syndromic (n = 7), idiopathic (n = 3)	nd	W, I, A, M
30	Garg et al[37], 2016		38	22/16	5.51	4.1	Neuromuscular (n = 18), congenital (n = 13), syndromic (n = 5), idiopathic (n = 2)	nd	Only wound complications following VEPTR implant or revision surgeries were identified
31	Subramanian et al[38], 2018	MCGR	31	15/16	7.7	3.9	Neuromuscular (n = 4), syndromic (n = 19), idiopathic (n = 6), congenital (n = 2)	nd	W, I, A, M
32	Urbański et al[39], 2020		47	14/18	8.8	1-2.5	Neuromuscular (n = 10), syndromic (n = 11), idiopathic (n = 20), congenital (n = 6)	0	W, I, A, M
33	Akbarnia et al[10], 2014		12	5/7	6.8	2.5	Neuromuscular (n = 4), syndromic (n = 4), idiopathic (n = 3), congenital (n = 1)	nd	I, M
34	Studer et al[40], 2019		30	10/20	9.4	2.1	Congenital (n = 11), neuromuscular (n = 10), syndromic (n = 4), idiopathic (n = 5)	nd	W, I, A
35	Kwan et al[41], 2017		30	11/19	7.3	3.0	Syndromal (n = 8), idiopathic (n = 8), congenital (n = 6), neuromuscular (n = 8)	5	W, I, A,
36	Obid et al[42], 2020		22	4/18	9.5	4.0	Idiopathic (n = 14), neurofbromatosis (n = 2), neuromuscular and syndromic (n = 6)	9	W, I, A, M
37	Lampe et al[43], 2019		24	7/17	10.5	3.5	Syndromal (n = 4), idiopathic (n = 9), congenital (n = 1), neuromuscular (n = 10)	nd	W, I, A, M
38	Haapala et al[12], 2020		18	11/7	6.8	3.2	Neuromuscular (n = 12) II, syndromic (n = 8) EOS two NFI (n = 2)	5	I, A, M
39	Haapala et al[12], 2020	Shilla	13	8/5	6	4.0	Neuromuscular (n = 11), syndromic (n = 2)	4	W, I, M
40	Andras et al[13], 2015	Shilla	36	nd	6.1	4.6	Syndromal (n = 10), idiopathic (n = 11), congenital (n = 2), neuromuscular (n = 13)	nd	I, M
41	Nazareth et al[44], 2020	Shilla	20	10/10	5.7	5.2	Syndromic (n = 9), neuromuscular (n = 5), idiopathic (n = 3), congenital (n = 3).	7	W, I, M
42	Miękisiak et al[45], 2019	GGS	57	13/44	9.8	2+	Not given	nd	GGS – the same principle as Shilla. System made of Ti. W, I, A, M
43	McCarthy et al[46], 2014	Shilla	10	2/8	7.5	2.0	Idiopathic (n = 3), congenital scoliosis (n = 1), syndromic (n = 2), neuromuscular scoliosis (n = 4)	nd	W, I
44	Luhmann et al[14], 2017	Shilla	18	nd	7.9	6.1	Idiopathic (n = 8), neuromuscular (n = 7), syndromic (n = 3)	15 and 3 implant removals	W, I, M
45	McCarthy et al[47], 2015	Shilla	40	17/23	6.11	5.0	Idiopathic (n = 9), congenital (n = 1), neuromuscular (n = 16), syndromic (n = 14)	15 and 3 Implant removals	W, I, A

Type of complications: Wound (W), implant-related (I), alignment (A), and medical/surgical complications (M). FF: Final fusions; GGS: Growth guidance system; VEPTR: Vertical expandable prosthetic titanium ribs; TGR: Traditional growing rods; MCGR: Magnetically controlled growing rods.