Endoscopic fasciotomy for chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the forearm: Systematic review of outcomes and complications

Table 2 Surgical technique used for endoscopic fasciotomy of the forearm for chronic exertional compartment syndrome

Ref.	Sample size	Surgical technique
		Special tools	Incisions	Other surgical notes
Abe and Fujii[10], 2017	1 (unilateral)	2.3 mm endoscope with 30° angle	1 cm single incision, 2 cm proximal to the point of tenderness	Release of brachioradialis fascia (case involved mobile wad only)
Hijjawi and Nagle[14], 2010	1 (unilateral)	4.5 mm 30° endoscope and probe blade from Chow dual-port endoscopic carpal tunnel set	2 incision: 2 cm transverseincision was made at the junction of the middle and distal thirds of the forearm in line with the flexor-pronator muscles; another 2 cm incision made 4 cm distal to the elbow crease	--
Jans et al[11], 2015	154 (all bilateral)	The single-use Vasoview 7 Endoscopic Vessel Harvesting System (Maquet–Getinge Group, Rastatt, Germany)	Single 3 cm volar incision between flexor carpi radialis tendon and palmaris longus tendon made 4 cm proximal to the wrist	Decompression of the superficial flexor compartment done up to 3 cm distal to cubital fold
Miller et al[17], 2017	2 (1 bilateral)	EndoRelease (Integra LifeSciences Corporation,Plainsboro, New Jersey) system	Single incision over the subcutaneous border of the ulna midway between olecranon and ulnar styloid	--
Pegoli et al[15], 2016	3 (1 bilateral)	STORZ endoscopy set	Single 2 cm volar incision: Line drawn between medial epicondyle to wrist flexion crease ulnar to palmaris longus tendon, then divided into 4 parts. Incision is made between first and second quarters proximally	Fasciotomy between flexor carpi radialis/palmaris longus tendons laterally and flexor carpi ulnaris medially
Ruyer et al[16], 2020	21 (15 bilateral)	SmartRelease® (previously Agee®) endoscopic system (Micro- Aire Surgical Instruments, VA, United States)	Incision based on the involved compartments: Line drawn between medial epicondyle to middle of wrist flexion crease anteriorly, and between lateral epicondyle and Lister’s tubercle posteriorly. 2 or 3 small incisions are made along the lines to fit the 6 cm long endoscopic knife	--
Seiler et al[18], 2011	1 (bilateral)	0° endoscope and electrocautery forceps	3 incisions: dorsal incision just proximal to extensor retinaculum along a line between lateral epicondyle and Lister’s tubercle; volar incision made along a line between palmaris longus tendon and biceps tendon, proximal incision made 1 cm distal to the midline of the antecubital fossa, and distal incision at the wrist crease just ulnar to palmaris longus tendon	--