Bilateral sequential femoral neck stress fractures in young adult with HIV infection on antiretroviral therapy: A case report

Figure 5 Suspected mechanisms. A: Human immunodeficiency virus and mediated osteopenia; B: Highly active antiretroviral therapy associated osteopenia. HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; TNF alpha: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; HAART: Highly active antiretroviral therapy; Vit D: Vitamin D; Hep C: Hepatitis C; NRTIs: Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors ;OPG: Osteoprotegerin.