Linkage of microbiota and osteoporosis: A mini literature review

Table 1 Potential therapies of gut microbiota, proposed mechanisms of action, and subsequent immunological and metabolic effects

Proposed therapy	Mechanism of action	Effect on GM
Antibiotics supplemented by fecal transplant	Broad spectrum antibiotics clear out dysregulated GM Fecal transplant with Bacteroides and immunoprotective microbiota (i.e., Lactobacilli) suppresses inflammatory response	Removal of inflammatory inducing bacteria species replaced with immunoprotective flora, normalizes GM and reduces inflammatory response
Prebiotic supplementation	Promote growth of bacterial species that induce fermentation of nondigestible carbohydrates, increases SCFAs, and decreases pH of GM and increases calcium absorption	Decreased pH promotes growth of bacteria less likely to induce inflammatory response, while SCFAs promote anti-inflammatory effects systemically Decreased pH and increased calcium absorption correlated with increased bone density
Probiotic supplementation	Supplementation by Lactobacilli reuteri, Bacilis subtilis and Bacteroidetes promote immunoprotective response in gut Reduced inflammatory response should reduce cytokine storm and active reduction in bone density	Supplementation of these bacteria to promote a normal GM, immunoprotective effects: IL-10

GM: Gut microbiota; SCFA: Short chain fatty acid; IL-1: Interleukin-1.