Magnetic resonance imaging for prostate cancer before radical and salvage radiotherapy: What radiation oncologists need to know

Table 3 Studies on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging with low prostate-specific antigen levels for the diagnosis of local recurrence after radical prostatectomy

Ref.	Year	Desing	Coil and Magnet	No. of patients	PSA (mean or median)	Mean or median lesion size	Reference standard	% rRL	MRI sequences, Se, Spe, PPV, NPV, Acc
Linder et al[38]	2007	Retrospective	PAC + ERC 1.5T and 3T	187	0.59 ng/mL	10 mm	TRUS biopsy, PSA reduction after SRT or increased lesion size on serial imaging	91	T2 + DCE Se: 91% Spe: 45% PPV: 85% NPV: 60%
Rischke et al[39]	2012	Retrospective	PAC 1.5T	33	0.30 ng/mL	11 mm	PSA reduction after SRT and changes in MRI after SRT	67	T2 + DCE Se: 67% Spe: 100% PPV: 100% NPV: 83% Acc: 83%
Liauw et al[37]	2013	Retrospective	ERC 1.5T and 3T	88	0.30 ng/mL	0.26 cc	None	24	T2 + DCE + DWI
Park et al[56]	2014	Retrospective	PAC 1.5T and 3T	113	0.43 ng/mL	12 mm	TRUS biopsy	NR	T2 + DCE
Verma et al[42]	2014	Retrospective	PAC 3T	90	0.20 ng/mL negative MRI 0.40 ng/mL positive MRI	NR	None	22.2	T2 + DCE + DWI
Couñago et al[40]	2015	Retrospective	PAC 3T	57	0.40 ng/mL	15.2 mm	None	24.6	T2 + DCE + DWI
Hernandez et al[41]	2015	Retrospective	PAC 3T	70	0.38 ng/mL	8.5 mm	None	47 (local + lymph nodes) 38.6 (local)	T2 + DCE + DWI

mpMRI: Multiparametric MRI; RP: Radical prostatectomy; rRL: Radiographic local recurrence; T2: T2-weighted imaging; DCE: Dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging; DWI: Diffusion-weighted imaging; Se: Sensitivity; Spe: Specificity; PPV: Positive predictive value; NPV: Negative predictive value; Acc: Accuracy; PAC: Phased-array coil; ERC: Endorectal coil; NR: Not reported, SRT: Salvage radiation therapy.