Immunotherapies in sarcoma: Updates and future perspectives

Table 1 Summary of the phase I/II trials of immunotherapies in sarcoma

Treatment modality	Ref.	Agent	Phase/Patients	Indication	RR	Survival
Adoptive cell therapy	Robbins et al[31], 2011	Adoptively transferred autologous T cells transduced with a T-cell receptor directed against NY-ESO-1	I/6	Metastatic synovial cell sarcoma expressing NY-ESO-1	RR: 4/6	N/A
Vaccines	Mahvi et al[34], 2002	GM-CSF treated tumor cells	I/16	Melanoma and sarcomas	RR: 1/16	N/A
	Dillman et al[35], 2004	Autologous tumor cell line-derived vaccines	I, II/23	Recurrent or metastatic sarcoma	No objective response assessed	10 patients lived more than 1 year
	Kawaguchi et al[36], 2005	Vaccination By SYT-SSX junction peptide	I/6	Disseminated synovial sarcoma	RR: 0/6	N/A
	Kawaguchi et al[38], 2012	SYT-SSX breakpoint peptide vaccines	I, II/21	Metastatic synovial sarcoma	RR: 1/21 SD: 6/21	N/A
	Takahashi et al[39], 2013	Personalized peptide vaccination	II/20	Refractory bone and soft tissue sarcoma	SD in all patients	Median OS: 9.6 mo
	Finkelstein et al[40], 2012	Combination of external beam radiotherapy with intratumoral injection of dendritic cells	I, II/17	Neoadjuvant treatment in high-risk soft tissue sarcoma	RR: 9/17	One-year PFS: 70.6%
	Ghisoli et al[41], 2015	FANG autologous immunotherapy	I/12	Advanced and metastatic Ewing's sarcoma	RR: 1/12	One-year OS: 75%
Checkpoint inhibitors	Makki et al[44], 2013	Ipilimumab	II/6	Advanced synovial sarcoma	RR: 0/6 (closed prematurely)	Median OS: 8.75 mo

GM-CSF: Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; N/A: Not available; OS: Overall survival; PFS: Progression free survival; RR: Response rate.