From targeting the tumor to targeting the immune system: Transversal challenges in oncology with the inhibition of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis

Table 2 Phase III randomized clinical trials currently ongoing with PD-1/PD-L1 axis blockade in adjuvant setting for solid tumors

Trial name/NCT	Cancer type	Immune checkpoint inhibitor	Arms	Primary endpoint	Expected primary completion date	No. of patients
KEYNOTE-054[20]	Melanoma	Pembrolizumab	Pembrolizumab vs placebo	RFS	2018	900
NCT02506153[21]	Melanoma	Pembrolizumab	Pembrolizumab vs high dose recombinant interferon-α-2B or ipilimumab	OS	2020	1378
KEYNOTE-091 (PEARLS)[22]	NSCLC	Pembrolizumab	Pembrolizumab vs placebo	DFS	2021	1380
IMvigor010[23]	Bladder cancer	Atezolizumab	Atezolizumab vs observation	DFS	2021	440
IMpower010[24]	NSCLC	Atezolizumab	Atezolizumab vs BSC after adjuvant CT1	DFS	2020	1127
NCT02768558[25]	NSCLC (locally advanced)	Nivolumab	Nivolumab vs placebo (after CT1-RT)	OS	2022	660
ANVIL[26]	NSCLC	Nivolumab	Nivolumab vs observation	DFS	2018	714
CheckMate 238[27]	Melanoma	Nivolumab	Nivolumab + placebo vs ipilimumab + placebo	RFS	2018	800
CheckMate 274[28]	Urothelial cancers	Nivolumab	Nivolumab vs placebo	DFS	2020	640
CheckMate 577[29]	Esophageal or gastroesophageal junction cancer (locally advanced)	Nivolumab	Nivolumab vs placebo (after CT1-RT and surgery)	DFS	2019	760
PACIFIC[30]	NSCLC (locally advanced)	Durvalumab	Durvalumab vs placebo (after CT1-RT)	OS	2017	702
NCT02273375[31]	NSCLC	Durvalumab	Durvalumab vs placebo	DFS	2025	1100

¹According to the standard of care and basing on the choice of the investigator. RFS: Recurrence free survival; NSCLC: Non-small cell lung cancer; DFS: Disease free survival; CT: Chemotherapy; OS: Overall survival; RT: Radiotherapy.