Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as a risk factor for lung cancer

Table 1 Major causes of death reported in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Author	Publication year	Total No. of COPD	Total deaths	Cause of death (%)1
				COPD2	Lung cancer	Other cancer	Cardiovascular	Others
Vilkman et al[14]	1997	2237	1070	30	12	8	33	17
Garecka et al[11]	1997	135	70	61	4	4	6	24
Antonelli Incalzi et al[8]	1997	270	228	63	5	4	16	12
Zielinski et al[15]	1997	215	215	49	7	ND	37	7
Keistinen et al[12]	1998	2727	973	22	13	8	32	25
Pauwel et al[13]	1999	1277	18	6	33	6	39	17
Garcia-Aymerich et al[10]	2003	340	98	74	5	2	12	6
Celli et al[9]	2004	625	162	61	12	ND	14	13
Anthonisen et al[16]	2005	5887	731	8	33	21	22	16

¹Calculated from the data reported by each literature;

²Including respiratory causes, respiratory failure, respiratory infection. Pulmonary embolism was included in cardiovascular cause. ND: Not described; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.