Dickkopfs and Wnt/β-catenin signalling in liver cancer

Table 2 Aberrant expression of Wnt/β-catenin pathway components in liver cancer

Component	Expression in tumour tissues vs non-tumour/healthy tissues	Incidence (%)	Method	Ref.
β-catenin	High	40-70	IHC	[40-43]
Wnt1	High	41	PCR	[69]
Wnt3	High	39-76	PCR	[70,71]
Wnt4	High	20	PCR	[71]
Wnt5A	High	25	PCR	[71]
FZD3	High	41	PCR	[71]
FZD6	High	31	PCR	[71]
FZD7	High	33-90	PCR	[70-72]
phospho-GSK3β	High	52	IHC	[73]
Axin1	Low	67	IHC	[76]
Dvl	High	71	Western blotting	[82]
Prickle-1	Low	55	PCR	[82]
HDPR1	Low	58	PCR	[83]
PIN1	High	53	Western blotting	[65]
TCF-4	High	91	PCR	[87]
LEF-1	High	52	IHC	[88]
CDH17	High	72	IHC	[90]

CDH17: Cadherin-17; Dvl: Dishevelled; FZD: Frizzled; phospho-GSK3β: Phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3β; HDPR1: Human homologue of Dapper; IHC: Immunohistochemistry; LEF: Lymphoid enhancer factor; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; PIN1: Peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase; TCF: T-cell factor.