Application of comprehensive geriatric assessment in oncology nursing: A literature review on optimizing treatment decisions and patient outcomes

Figure 1 The four elements of functional age assessment in comprehensive geriatric assessment. This Figure employs a circular structure to visually represent the four core aspects of functional age assessment in comprehensive geriatric assessment: Cognitive ability, assessed using tools like Mini-Mental State Examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment to identify early dementia or cognitive impairments; physical function, evaluated through the level of independence in activities of daily living using the Barthel Index or modified Barthel Index; mental health, assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale to evaluate emotional states such as depression and anxiety; and social support, which focuses on social interaction skills, family, and social support systems to understand social adaptation and overall quality of life. CGA: Comprehensive geriatric assessment; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; GDS: Geriatric Depression Scale; ADL: Activities of daily living; BI: Barthel Index; MBI: Modified Barthel Index.