Current status and recent progress of nanomaterials in transcatheter arterial chemoembolization therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 2 Quantitative data on nanomaterials in transcatheter arterial chemoembolization treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma

Ref.	Nanomaterial	Drug	Drug loading	Drug release	Therapeutic effect
[60]	p(N-isopropyl-acrylamide-co-butyl methylacrylate) nanogel	DOX	NA	24 hours: 50-70 wt (pH = 6.8, pH 7.4), 97 wt (pH= 5.3)	The tumour growth rate of VX2 tumour by TACE therapy of IBi-D dispersions were only 91%
[61]	iron/barium ferrite/carbon-coated iron nanocrystal composites	EPI	Saturation value of the carrier system was approximately 25.5 mg/g	Accumulation of more than 20% of drugs on day 20	The group (EPI + materials + magnetic hyperthermia) showed a stronger antitumor effect
[62]	Fe3O4@PMO-Cy5.5	DOX	27.65%	48 hours: 16% (pH 7.4), 39% (pH 5.5)	1 mg/mL (nanoparticle concentration): Death of 74.1% of the HepG2 cells
[63]	pN-KL nanogels	DOX	23.71%	24.2% (pH = 5.0), 20.5% (pH = 6.8), 21.8% (pH = 7.4)	Completely suppressed after 14 days
[64]	BSA NPs	TPZ	NA	12.89% (1 hour), 55.96% (168 hours)	Significant reduction in tumour growth rate
[66]	BSA-CuS NPs	DOX	55.52%	Exposed to 808 nm NIR irradiation, approximately 5% and 25% of total DOX were released at 5 and 24 hours	DOX@BSA-CuS can be efficiently delivered to the HCC tumour site and the DOX drug can be efficiently deposited at tumour tissue
[71]	Fe@EGaIn NP	CA	DL: 2.61% ± 0.01%; EE: 87.19% ± 0.26%	NIR group: 44.99% (0.1 W), 55.88% (1 W)	Excellent therapeutic efficiency was achieved with a tumour growth-inhibiting value of 100% in tumour-bearing rabbits
[72]	pH-DENs	Sorafenib	73.3% ± 2.5%	96 hours: approximately 80% (pH = 6.5), approximately 50% (pH = 7.4)	The pH-DENs triggered sorafenib release in response to acidic extracellular conditions, increasing drug concentration in the culture medium and enhancing therapeutic efficiency against HCC cells
[76]	P@PND nanogels	PT	NA	40 hours: > 80% (pH = 6.5)	The volume ratio of the treated tumours at 14 days to the initial tumour were 07 (Pt-P@PND)
[77]	HmA NPs	DOX	41%	24 hours: > 40% (pH = 4.5 or 6.5), 28.6% (pH = 7.4); 14 days: 83.9% (pH = 4.5), 74% (pH = 6.5), 53.4% (pH = 7.4)	24 hours: Apoptotic HepG2 cells, 28.8%

DOX: Doxorubicin; EPI: Epirubicin; TPZ: Tirapazamine; CA: Calcium alginate; PT: Cisplatin; IBi-D: P(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-butyl methacrylate) nanogel-iodohexanol dispersion; TACE: Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization; PMO: periodic mesoporous organosilica; KL: Kraft lignin; NPs: Nanoparticles; BSA: Bovine serum albumin; CuS: Copper sulfide; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; NIR: Near-infrared; DEN: Drug-eluting nanocomposite; PND: PNIPAM-DEAMEA; NA: Not available.