Emerging salivary biomarkers for early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma

Table 2 Clinical study outcomes in oral cancer detection using salivary biomarkers

Ref.	Sample size	Population demographics	Biomarkers tested	Detection methods	Key findings
Arantes et al[9], 2018	Control (n = 13), OSCC (n = 13)	Mixed gender, age 40-70	IL-6, IL-8	ELISA	Significant elevation in salivary IL-6 and IL-8 levels in OSCC patients compared to controls
Bastías et al[32], 2024	Control (n = 20), OSCC (n = 19)	Mixed gender, age 35-75	IL-6, IL-8	ELISA	Higher IL-6 and IL-8 levels in OSCC group, suggesting diagnostic potential
Chu et al[30], 2019	Control (n = 20), OSCC (n = 30)	Mixed gender, age 45-70	IL-6, IL-8	ELISA	Significant differences in IL-6 and IL-8 levels between OSCC and control groups
Elbehi et al[24], 2020	Control (n = 30), OSCC (n = 30)	Mixed gender, age 40-65	IL-6, IL-8	ELISA	Elevated IL-6 and IL-8 levels in OSCC patients, strong diagnostic indicators
Lee et al[33], 2011	Control (n = 21), OSCC (n = 20)	Mixed gender, age 30-60	IL-6, IL-8	Bio-Plex multiplex	Higher IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations in OSCC patients compared to controls
Gau and Wong[31], 2007	Control (n = 52), OSCC (n = 52)	Mixed gender, age 50-80	IL-6, IL-8	ELISA	Significant correlation between elevated IL-6 and IL-8 levels and OSCC survival rates
Assad et al[34], 2020	Control (n = 9), OSCC (n = 26)	Mixed gender, age 40-70	IL-6, IL-8	Luminex assay ELISA	IL-6 significantly higher in OSCC patients; IL-8 slightly elevated
Baňasová et al[23], 2015	Control (n = 60), OSCC (n = 60)	Mixed gender, age 45-70	IL-8	ELISA	Significantly higher IL-8 concentration in OSCC patients compared to controls
Ajdani et al[16], 2022	Control (n = 25), OSCC (n = 25)	Mixed gender, age 50-75	IL-6	ELISA	Elevated IL-6 levels in OSCC, suggesting its potential as a non-invasive marker

The table provides a detailed summary of these clinical studies, showcasing the significant findings and methodologies employed across different research efforts. By examining the outcomes of these investigations, we can better understand the role of salivary biomarkers in the early detection of oral cancer. Each study offers valuable insights into the diagnostic potential of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8, as well as the demographic variations and detection methods utilized. IL: Interleukin; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; OSCC: Oral squamous cell carcinoma.