Diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer: A molecular perspective

Table 2 Comparison of therapeutic biomarkers

Types	Clinical relevance	Associated therapeutic strategies	Drugs
EGFR[43]	Lung adenocarcinoma has a substantially greater rate of EGFR mutation than lung squamous cell carcinoma	First-line treatment drugs for NSCLC patients with EGFR sensitive gene mutations	Osimertinib, Almonertinib, Furmonertinib, Befotertinib, Gefitinib
ALK[44]	ALK positive NSCLC patients are usually young, non-smoking, and EGFR non mutated lung adenocarcinoma populations	For advanced NSCLC patients accompanied by ALK gene fusion	Crizotinib, Alectinib, Ensartinib
ROS1[45]	ROS1-positive lung cancer is commonly found in young, non-smoking, or lightly smoking lung adenocarcinoma patients	For ROS1 positive NSCLC patients	Crizotinib, Entrectinib, Lorlatinib, Cabozantinib
PD-1/ PD-L1[46]	PD-1/PD-L1 inhibits T cell function via the TCR receptor signaling pathway, leading to immune escape in tumors	For driver gene negative advanced NSCLC patients	Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, Camrelizumab, Tislelizumab, Sintilimab, Durvalumab, Atezolizumab
CLTA-4[47,48]	CLTA-4 facilitates tumor immune evasion	For advanced and metastatic NSCLC patients	Ipilimumab, Tremelimumab, Cadornilimab

EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; ALK: Anaplastic lymphoma kinase; ROS1: C-ROS proto-oncogene 1; PD-1/PD-L1: Programmed death-1 and its ligand; TCR: T cell receptor; CTLA-4: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein.