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©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Clin Oncol. Jan 24, 2025; 16(1): 99240
Published online Jan 24, 2025. doi: 10.5306/wjco.v16.i1.99240
Published online Jan 24, 2025. doi: 10.5306/wjco.v16.i1.99240
Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with cancer by proton pump inhibitor use and non-users, n (%)/mean ± SD
| Variables | Before the propensity score match | After the propensity score match | ||||
| PPI users (n = 48554) | Non-users (n = 2949116) | SMD | PPI users (n = 48452) | Non-users (n = 48452) | SMD | |
| Age (years) | 64.9 ± 12.2 | 62.4 ± 15.6 | 0.1803 | 64.9 ± 12.2 | 64.7 ± 12.8 | 0.0120 |
| Sex (female) | 20773 (428) | 1494930 (50.67) | 0.1590 | 20738 (42.8) | 20146 (41.6) | 0.0247 |
| Ethnicity, Hispanic or Latino | 2790 (5.7) | 147470 (5.0) | 0.0331 | 2785 (5.7) | 2776 (5.7) | 0.0008 |
| Race | ||||||
| White | 32556 (67.05) | 1930606 (65.4) | 0.0336 | 32507 (67.1) | 32345 (66.7) | 0.0071 |
| Black or African American | 7694 (15.8) | 227813 (7.7) | 0.2539 | 7643 (15.8) | 7491 (15.5) | 0.0086 |
| Asian | 737 (1.5) | 88263 (2.9) | 0.0995 | 737 (1.5) | 442 (0.9) | 0.0556 |
| Others | 6502 (13.4) | 586750 (19.9) | 0.1753 | 6500 (13.4) | 7517 (15.5) | 0.0597 |
| Nicotine dependence | 9974 (20.5) | 129401 (4.4) | 0.5044 | 9872 (20.4) | 9991 (20.6) | 0.0061 |
| Alcohol dependence | 2220 (4.6) | 19796 (0.7) | 0.2460 | 2144 (4.4) | 1866 (3.8) | 0.0288 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29 ± 6.64 | 28.1 ± 6.27 | 0.1473 | 29 ± 6.64 | 29.2 ± 6.73 | 0.0198 |
| Cancer type | ||||||
| Digestive organs | 3890 (8.0) | 1852 (0.64) | 0.3683 | 3855 (7.9) | 436 (0.9) | 0.3482 |
| Thyroid and other endocrine glands | 511 (1.0) | 11107 (0.4) | 0.0803 | 506 (1.0) | 156 (0.3) | 0.0878 |
| Neuroendocrine tumors | 157 (0.3) | 3812 (0.1) | 0.0409 | 156 (0.3) | 111 (0.2) | 0.0177 |
| Ovary | 176 (0.4) | 3878 (0.1) | 0.0465 | 176 (0.3) | 52 (0.1) | 0.0528 |
| Cervix uteri | 206 (0.42) | 3150 (0.1) | 0.0617 | 204 (0.4) | 250 (0.1) | 0.0622 |
| Corpus uteri | 298 (0.6) | 6055 (0.2) | 0.0640 | 297 (0.6) | 113 (0.2) | 0.0585 |
| Breast | 2561 (5.3) | 56312 (1.9) | 0.1816 | 2541 (5.2) | 887 (1.8) | 0.1856 |
| Urinary tract | 1725 (3.5) | 13303 (0.4) | 0.2228 | 1719 (3.5) | 296 (0.6) | 0.2069 |
| Kidney | 3 816 (7.85) | 95657 (3.2) | 0.2026 | 3767 (7.8) | 3117 (6.4) | 0.0522 |
| Malignant neoplasm of bronchus and lung | 4034 (8.3) | 67074 (2.3) | 0.2720 | 3988 (8.2) | 3369 (6.9) | 0.0482 |
| Malignant melanoma | 3507 (7.2) | 50881 (1.7) | 0.2683 | 3473 (7.2) | 1018 (2.1) | 0.2428 |
| Prostate | 1969 (4.0) | 30803 (1.0) | 0.1919 | 1946 (4.0) | 548 (1.1) | 0.1830 |
| Others | 24704 (50.8) | 2567897 (86.1) | 0.4367 | 26679 (55.1) | 26899 (55.5) | 0.0134 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension | 21340 (43.9) | 546208 (18.5) | 0.5706 | 21238 (43.8) | 21270 (43.9) | 0.0013 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 10626 (219) | 199682 (6.8) | 0.4418 | 10529 (21.7) | 10418 (21.5) | 0.0056 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux diseases | 13540 (27.9) | 126033 (4.3) | 0.6788 | 13454 (27.8) | 5132 (10.6) | 0.4470 |
| Peptic ulcers | 1102 (2.3) | 5925 (0.2) | 0.1881 | 1051 (2.2) | 374 (0.8) | 0.1163 |
| Gastroduodenitis | 867 (1.8) | 7790 (0.3) | 0.1515 | 858 (1.8) | 302 (0.6) | 0.1057 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 14567 (30.0) | 342093 (11.6) | 0.4655 | 14480 (29.9) | 13716 (28.3) | 0.0347 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 4260 (8.8) | 90521 (3.1) | 0.2435 | 4228 (8.7) | 3771 (7.8) | 0.0343 |
| Chronic lower respiratory diseases | 11122 (22.9) | 199314 (6.7) | 0.4665 | 11021 (22.7) | 10977 (22.6) | 0.0022 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 7075 (14.6) | 174159 (5.9) | 0.2888 | 7021 (14.5) | 6663 (13.7) | 0.0212 |
| Cardiac arrhythmias | 6421 (13.2) | 107325 (3.6) | 0.3502 | 6337 (13.1) | 4982 (10.2) | 0.0872 |
| Coronary heart disease | 3575 (7.4) | 41413 (1.4) | 0.2942 | 3513 (7.2) | 2718 (5.6) | 0.0669 |
| Congestive heart failure | 5089 (10.5) | 63052 (2.1) | 0.3483 | 5001 (10.3) | 4704 (9.7) | 0.0204 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 6662 (13.7) | 103190 (3.5) | 0.3706 | 6570 (13.6) | 6266 (12.9) | 0.0185 |
| Diabetic polyneuropathy | 1983 (4.1) | 26801 (1.0) | 0.2046 | 1945 (4.0) | 2082 (4.3) | 0.0142 |
| Glomerular diseases | 770 (1.6) | 8865 (0.3) | 0.1333 | 752 (1.5) | 564 (1.2) | 0.0335 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 6790 (13.9) | 114526 (3.9) | 0.3598 | 6708 (13.8) | 6350 (13.1) | 0.0216 |
| Peripheral vascular diseases | 4220 (8.7) | 53718 (1.8) | 0.3116 | 4149 (8.6) | 3444 (7.1) | 0.0542 |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 981 (2.0) | 16162 (0.5) | 0.1311 | 958 (1.9) | 1232 (2.5) | 0.0381 |
| Diabetic nephropathy | 1789 (3.7) | 25585 (0.868) | 0.1897 | 1754 (3.6) | 2040 (4.2) | 0.0304 |
| Diseases of pancreas | 1761 (3.6) | 15,072 (0.5) | 0.2202 | 1740 (3.6) | 673 (1.38) | 0.1417 |
| Diseases of gallbladder | 928 (1.9) | 9746 (0.3) | 0.1506 | 915 (1.9) | 545 (1.1) | 0.0627 |
| Diseases of biliary tract | 1371 (2.8) | 9373 (0.3) | 0.2026 | 1349 (2.8) | 535 (1.1) | 0.1219 |
| Cirrhosis of liver | 2259 (4.6) | 15246 (0.5) | 0.2629 | 2224 (4.6) | 1047 (2.2) | 0.1348 |
| Osteoporosis | 3338 (6.9) | 77419 (2.6) | 0.2008 | 3318 (6.8) | 2465 (5.1) | 0.0744 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 4034 (8.3) | 67074 (2.3) | 0.2720 | 3988 (8.2) | 3369 (6.9) | 0.0482 |
| Liver diseases | 5502 (11.3) | 58923 (2.0) | 0.3810 | 5403 (11.1) | 5334 (11.0) | 0.0045 |
| Cancer treatment | ||||||
| Chemotherapy | 3922 (8.1) | 112502 (3.8) | 0.1810 | 3887 (8.0) | 2419 (5.1) | 0.1231 |
| Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents | 7450 (15.3) | 208407 (7.1) | 0.2647 | 7400 (15.3) | 4765 (9.8) | 0.1647 |
| Immunological agents | 3816 (7.9) | 95657 (3.2) | 0.2026 | 3767 (7.8) | 3117 (6.4) | 0.0522 |
| Radiotherapy | 872 (1.8) | 16379 (0.5) | 0.1153 | 870 (1.8) | 413 (0.8) | 0.0826 |
| Surgery | 5480 (52.5) | 769018 (26.1) | 0.5615 | 25381 (52.4) | 21120 (43.6) | 0.1767 |
| Targeted therapy | 2092 (4.3) | 9939 (0.3) | 0.2660 | 2057 (4.2) | 500 (1.0) | 0.2015 |
| Medications | ||||||
| Beta-blockers | 14581 (30.0) | 285348 (9.7) | 0.5277 | 14490 (29.9) | 10814 (22.3) | 0.1734 |
| Aspirin | 13275 (27.3) | 240151 (8.1) | 0.5192 | 13179 (27.2) | 10192 (21.0) | 0.1445 |
| NSAIDs usage | 20915 (43.1) | 464565 (15.7) | 0.6286 | 20813 (42.9) | 14519 (29.9) | 0.2724 |
| Hypoglycemic drugs | 6495 (13.4) | 123497 (4.2) | 0.3290 | 6424 (13.2) | 6558 (13.5) | 0.0081 |
| Insulin | 6951 (14.3) | 89333 (3.0) | 0.4094 | 6849 (14.1) | 6551 (13.5) | 0.0178 |
| Antiarrhythmics | 6274 (33.5) | 329864 (11.2) | 0.5564 | 16179 (33.4) | 11097 (22.9) | 0.2348 |
| Antilipemic agents | 16154 (33.3) | 358588 (12.1) | 0.5206 | 16064 (33.1) | 13083 (27.0) | 0.1345 |
| ACE inhibitors | 10817 (22.3) | 218846 (7.42) | 0.4273 | 10744 (22.2) | 8770 (18.1) | 0.1017 |
| Angiotensin II inhibitors | 6268 (12.9) | 137747 (4.7) | 0.2941 | 6232 (12.8) | 5092 (10.5) | 0.0733 |
| Diuretics | 4023 (28.9) | 269083 (9.1) | 0.5204 | 13928 (28.7) | 10575 (21.8) | 0.1597 |
| Vitamin D supplement | 8317 (17.1) | 150002 (5.1) | 0.3905 | 8261 (17.0) | 5233 (10.8) | 0.1813 |
| Vitamin E supplement | 1318 (2.7) | 30518 (1.0) | 0.1241 | 1309 (2.7) | 1033 (2.1) | 0.0371 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 0519 (21.7) | 190886 (6.4) | 0.4477 | 10437 (21.5) | 7842 (16.1) | 0.1372 |
| Antihypertensive combinations | 171 (0.3) | 2229 (0.1) | 0.0599 | 168 (0.3) | 197 (0.4) | 0.0098 |
| Opioids | 1369 (2.8) | 23224 (0.8) | 0.1531 | 1359 (2.8) | 678 (1.4) | 0.0981 |
| Immunosuppressants | 1958 (4.0) | 36586 (1.2) | 0.1749 | 1945 (4.0) | 1056 (2.2) | 0.1061 |
| Antiemetics | 16473 (33.9) | 320517 (10.9) | 0.5755 | 16382 (33.8) | 9934 (20.5) | 0.3026 |
| Antidepressants | 11404 (23.5) | 230648 (7.8) | 0.4415 | 11331 (23.4) | 7563 (15.6) | 0.1972 |
| Anticonvulsants | 8945 (18.4) | 139173 (4.7) | 0.4386 | 8875 (18.3) | 5306 (10.9) | 0.2095 |
| Laxatives | 17542 (36.1) | 295981 (10.0) | 0.6512 | 17440 (35.9) | 10634 (21.9) | 0.3134 |
- Citation: Krishnan A, Schneider CV, Walsh D. Proton pump inhibitors and all-cause mortality risk among cancer patients. World J Clin Oncol 2025; 16(1): 99240
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-4333/full/v16/i1/99240.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5306/wjco.v16.i1.99240