Rare primary squamous cell carcinoma of the intrahepatic bile duct: A case report and review of literature

Table 1 The review of literature for squamous cell carcinoma of bile duct

Ref.	Case	Symptoms	Serum study	CT/MR	Pathology	Treatments
Gatof et al[14], 2004	A 86-year-old female	Abdominal pain and jaundice	-	Cholelithiasis of CBD and dilated bile duct	SCC with pancytokeratin stains (+)	Chemotherapy and high-dose radiation
Sewkani, et al[17], 2005	A 60-year-old male	Jaundice	-	A thickening of the distal BD	keratin pearl (+)	Surgery
Abbas et al[27], 2008	A 28-year-old female	Abdominal pain and jaundice	-	An avascular liver mass	SCC with dysplasia of the bile-duct epithelium	Extended left lobectomy and image guided external beam radiation
Price et al[31], 2008	A 41-year-old female	Painless jaundice, diarrhea	ALP↑, CA199↑	Choledochal cysts with cholelithiasis and a mass	SCC with keratin pearl	Chemotherapy and radiation
Avezbadalov et al[29], 2014	A 78-year-old Hispanic woman	Somnolent	ALP↑, GGTP↑	Liver carcinoma with 17.5 cm invading colon–hepatic flexure	poorly diferentiated SCC: CK5/6(+), p63(+), CK19(+), CK20(-), CK7(-), HMB-45(-), TTF-I(-)	Home hospice
Goto et al[23], 2016	A 77-year-old female	Jaundice with fatigue	DBIL↑, TBIL↑, ALP↑, normal CA199	A solid mass in the junction of the cystic and common bile ducts	Keratinization, CK5/6(+), p53(+), MIB-1(+), periodic acid staining(-)	Surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine
Nishiguchi et al[26], 2016	A 78-year-old male	Brown urine	Normal CA199 and CEA, elevated hepatobiliary enzyme	The thickening and enhancement of distal BD	keratin pearl(+)	Surgery and chemotherapy with cisplatin and tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil
Tamaoka et al[20], 2018	A 82-year-old male	No significant symptoms	CA199↑	Liver mass with homogeneous density and delayed enhancement	CK 5/6(+), Keratin pearls(+), p40(-)	Extended right lobectomy
Knudsen et al[28], 2019	A 66-year-old female	Dark-colored urine	ALT↑, ALP↑, GGT	CBD dilation with a tumor in distal BD	Keratin pearl(+), CK5/6(+), p40(+)	Surgery
Wang et al[18], 2020	A 32-year-old female with choledochal cyst	Nausea, abdominal pain	ALP↑, DBIL↑, TBIL↑	Choledochal cyst complicated a tumor	SCC with scattered distribution of heteromorphic epithelial cells	Surgery and postoperative chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin
Bacha et al[30], 2021	A 35-year-old male	Epigastric pain, jaundice and fatigue	DBIL↑, TBIL↑, GGTP↑, ALP↑, normal CA199 and CEA	Irregular wall thickening in the distal CBD	Keratinization, CK 19(+)	Biliary drainage
Zhong et al[19], 2021	A 76-year-old male	Jaundice	TBIL↑, GGTP↑, ALP↑, CA199↑	A low signal intensity area in the middle CBD	CK5/6(+), p63(+), CK20(-), no keratin pearls	Surgery and postoperative chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin
Shrestha et al[32], 2021	A 21-year-old male	Abdominal pain and jaundice	DBIL↑, ALP↑, CA199↑	Choledochal cysts with cholelithiasis	SCC with atypical cells arranged in cords and nests	Surgery and paclitaxel-based chemotherapy

SCC: Squamous cell carcinoma; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; GGTP: Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; DBIL: Direct bilirubin; TBIL: Total bilirubin; PGE 1: Prostaglandin E 1; DVT: Deep venous thrombosis; TIPS: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt; TACE: Transarterial chemoembolization; DIC: Disseminated intravascular coagulation; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine transaminase; CA199: Carbohydrate antigen 199; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; CBD: Common bile duct; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; CT: Computed tomography; MR: Magnetic resonance.