Progress in the research of cuproptosis and possible targets for cancer therapy

Table 1 Copper-related compounds and their antitumor mechanism

Compounds	Mechanism	Ref.
Elesclomol	Transferring copper ions to mitochondria and increasing ROS level	Nagai et al[7]
Flavonoid drugs	Interfering with copper ion redox and inducing mitochondrial apoptosis	Liu et al[8]
(Cu(DDC)2)	Inhibiting proteasome and leading to ER stress activation	Chen et al[9]
Copper ion chelating agent	Inhibiting endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis	Zhou et al[15]
Copper ion transporter inhibitor	Inhibit endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis	Yee et al[13], Karginova et al[14]
NPs(Cu-CysNPs)	Reacting with glutathione to increase ROS level	Ma et al[18]
Cu-TSC	Inducing ROS accumulation	Sîrbu et al[19]
Cu-NSAID compound	Inducing ROS accumulation, DNA damage and COX-2 activity inhibition	Boodram et al[20]
Copper complexes containing polypyridine ligands	Increasing ROS level and inducing ER stress	Kaur et al[21]

ROS: Reactive oxygen species; TSC: Tuberous sclerosis complex; COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2; NSAID: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; (Cu(DDC)2): Copper diethyldithiocarbamate; ER: Endoplasmic reticulum.