Immunotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: From clinical trials to real-world data and future advances

Table 3 Ongoing clinical trials investigating combinations of locoregional therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors

NCT	Phase	Locoregional Therapy	Systemic Therapy	Endpoint	Estimated End of Trial
NCT03817736	2	TACE + SBRT	ICI	Sequential	February 2024
NCT03638141	2	DEB-TACE	DURVALUMAB + TREMELIMUMAB	Sequential	November 2023
NCT03143270	1	TACE	NIVOLUMAB	Combination	April 2022
NCT03572582	2	TACE	NIVOLUMAB	Combination	June 2023
NCT03397654	1/2	TACE	PEMBROLIZUMAB	Sequential	December 2021 (results awaited)
NCT03383458	3	Curative resection or ablation	NIVOLUMAB	Adjuvant	June 2025
NCT02821754	2	TACE, RFA, Cryo	DURVALUMAB, TREMELIMUMAB	Combination	December 2022
NCT03033446	2	Y90-Radioembolization	NIVOLUMAB	Combination	December 2021 (results awaited)
NCT03099564	1	Y90-Radioembolization	PEMBROLIZUMAB	Combination	July 2022
NCT03259867	2	TATE	NIVOLUMAB OR PEMBROLIZUMAB	Combination	December 2022
NCT03937830	2	TACE	DURVALUMAB + TREMELIMUMAB + BEVACIZUMAB	Combination	December 2023
NCT03778957	3	TACE	DURVALUMAB or DURVALUMAB + BEVACIZUMAB	Combination	August 2024
NCT04340193	3	TACE	NIVOLUMAB + IPILIMUMAB or NIVOLUMAB MONOTHERAPY or DOUBLE PLACEBO	Combination	January 2024
NCT04246177	3	TACE	PEMBROLIZUMAB + LENVATINIB	Combination	December 2029
NCT04268888	2/3	TACE/TAE	NIVOLUMAB	Combination	June 2026
NCT05162898	N/A	RFA	TORIPALIMAB + LENVATINIB	Combination	December 2025
NCT05057845	2	Cryo	TISLELIZUMAB + LENVATINIB	Combination	September 2024
NCT04988945	2	TACE + SBRT	DURVALUMAB + TREMELIMUMAB	Sequential (for downstaging)	December 2026
NCT04727307	2	RFA	ATEZOLIZUMAB (neoadjuvant) + ATEZOLIZUMAB-BEVACIZUMAB (adjuvant)	Combination	July 2027
NCT04663035	2	Ablation	TISLELIZUMAB	Combination	December 2025
NCT04652440	1/2	RFA	TISLELIZUMAB	Combination	November 2023
NCT04639180	3	Curative resection or ablation	CAMRELIZUMAB + APATINIB	Adjuvant	July 2024
NCT04220944	1	MWA+TACE	SINTILIMAB	Combination	September 2022
NCT04102098	3	Surgical resection or ablation	ATEZOLIZUMAB+ BEVACIZUMAB	Adjuvant	July 2027
NCT03867084	3	Surgical resection or local ablation	PEMBROLIZUMAB	Adjuvant	June 2025
NCT03864211	1/2	Thermal ablation (MWA or RFA)	TORIPALIMAB	Combination	June 2023
NCT03753659	2	MWA or RFA or Brachytherapy or TACE	PEMBROLIZUMAB	Combination	June 2024
NCT03630640	2	Electroporation	NIVOLUMAB (neoadjuvant & adjuvant)	Combination	November 2023

NCT: Number of the clinical trial (Clinicaltrials.gov); TACE: Transarterial chemoembolization; SBRT: Stereotactic body radiotherapy; DEB: Drug eluting bead; RFA: Radiofrequency ablation; Cryo: Cryoablation; TATE: Transarterial tirapazamine embolization; TAE: Transarterial embolization; MWA: Microwave ablation.