Metastatic disease to the liver: Locoregional therapy strategies and outcomes

Table 2 Applications and outcomes of locoregional therapies by tumor type

Modality	Applications and outcomes
TAE	First-line for unresectable symptomatic well-differentiated NELM refractory to medical therapy[19]
	Improved OS and PFS vs first-line chemotherapy in unresectable CRLM[39,40]
TACE	Comparable tumor response and OS vs first-line chemotherapy in neoadjuvant setting for CRLM[41]
	Improved OS and tumor control when used as adjunctive therapy in BCLM[42-44]
	Comparable overall survival to systemic chemotherapy in UMLM[45,46]
	In IHC, DEB-TACE and chemotherapy have comparable OS[47] and DEB-TACE improves OS when added to chemotherapy[48,49]
	TARE with first-line chemotherapy offers a survival benefit in CRLM[50], IHC[51]
TARE	Provides survival benefit in CRLM after failure of two lines of chemotherapy[52]
	TARE plus chemotherapy improves downstaging vs chemotherapy alone in CRLM[13,53], IHC[51]
	Increases OS in unresectable CRLM compared to chemotherapy alone[54]
Ablation	RFA[55] and MWA[56] have comparable OS to surgical resection in CRLM
	RFA with resection has comparable OS to two-stage hepatectomy in CRLM[57], NELM[58]
	Fewer adverse events, longer PFS, and comparable OS vs resection in BCLM[12,59]

NELM: Neuroendocrine cancer with liver metastasis, CRLM: Colorectal cancer with liver metastasis, BCLM: Breast cancer with liver metastasis, UMLM: Uveal melanoma with liver metastasis, IHC: intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, OS: Overall survival, PFS: Progression-free survival; TAE: Transarterial embolization; TACE: Transarterial chemoembolization; TARE: Transarterial radioembolization.