Liver regeneration biology: Implications for liver tumour therapies

Figure 1 Cytokine priming of hepatocytes. PH induced increase in portal pressure exerts sheer stress on LSEC inducing IL6 secretion. Gut derived LPS, complement components C3 & C5, ICAM1, and LTXα from T lymphocytes all induce IL6 and TNF expression from Kupffer cells. IL6 & TNFα prime hepatocytes after binding to IL6R and TNFαR. LTXα also acts directly on hepatocytes via the TNFαR. LSEC: Liver sinusoidal endothelial cell; IL6: Interleukin 6; IL6R: Interleukin 6 receptor; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; TLR: Toll-like receptor; TNFα: TNF alpha; TNFαR: TNF alpha receptor; CtR: Complement receptor; ICAM1: Intercellular adhesion molecule 1; ICAM1R: Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 receptor; LTXα: Lymphotoxin alpha; LTXαR: Lymphotoxin alpha receptor.