Liver regeneration biology: Implications for liver tumour therapies

Table 1 Hepatotoxins used in rodent models

Toxin	Mechanism	Necrosis pattern
Acetaminophen (paracetamol)[19,36,37]	Free radical enhancement and Kupffer cell activation	Pericentral
Carbon tetrachloride[19,30,37]	Free radical enhancement and Kupffer cell activation	Pericentral
Concanavalin A[37]	T-cell activation; cytokine release; ICAM-1 & VCAM-1 upregulation.	Centrilobular
D-Galactosamine[19,37]	Uridine metabolite deficiency	Random
Ethanol[19,31]	Increases production of reactive oxygen species and infiltration of inflammatory cells	None
Lipopolysaccharide[37]	Kupffer cell activation	Centrilobular
Thioacetamide[19,37,38]	Increases production of toxic metabolites and reactive oxygen species	Pericentral

ICAM-1: Intercellular adhesion molecule 1; VCAM-1: Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1.