Correlation between breast cancer and lifestyle within the Gulf Cooperation Council countries: A systematic review

Table 6 Paper results for non- case-controlled studies on obesity and physical activity in association with breast cancer (continued Table 5)

Ref.	Type of study	Sample size and characteristics	Age range (mean ± SD)	Anthropometric measurements	PA	Key findings	Other findings
[45]	Cross-section- Data collection from 10 randomly selected primary healthcare facilities	1488 Qatar and Arab national women. 64.7% were Qatari and 35.3% were Arab expats	35-65 yr (47 ± 10.8)	42.8% overweight and 30.0% obese	PA walking per day: 27.5%-30 min, 12.0%- 60 min, 60.5%- none	72.8% overweight/obese; Using the Gail model (n = 1338) BMI was significantly associated with a high 5-yr risk of BC (P < 0.001); In linear regression analysis, BMI was not associated with 5-yr or lifetime risk of BC. PA declined in the hot weather	Chronological age, age at menarche, menopausal age and occupation were all associated with a 5-yr risk of BC; 39.4% were premenopausal and 60.6% were postmenopausal
[44]	A retrospective epidemiological study. Results from KSA females compared with statistics from United States cancer registry (SEER)	262 female patients in 1 hospital in the eastern provenience of KSA diagnosed with invasive BC	24-94 yr, median age 48	31.9% overweight, 51.5% obese	N/A	The % of BC cases with a BMI > 30 was higher among the females in KSA than the females on the SEER database	BC diagnosis occurred at a significantly younger age when compared to females on the SEER database (United States); BC was significantly more aggressive than females on the SEER database, 58.7% were premenopausal and 41.3% were postmenopausal

BMI: Body mass index; PA: Physical activity; SD: Standard deviation; BC: Breast cancer; KSA: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; BCS: Breast-conserving surgery; MRM: Modified radical mastectomy; WLE: Wide local excision.