Correlation between breast cancer and lifestyle within the Gulf Cooperation Council countries: A systematic review

Table 5 Paper results for non- case-controlled studies on obesity and physical activity in association with breast cancer

Ref.	Type of study	Sample size and characteristics	Age range (mean ± SD)	Anthropometric measurements	PA	Key findings	Other findings
[81]	Single-institute retrospective study	224 females (72.4% Saudi National) who underwent mastectomy, MRM or WLE with axillary dissection	26-93 yr (48.8 ± 12.2); 61.7% of females < 50 yr	Mean BMI; 32; 38.3% overweight; 42.8% obese	N/A	Most of the participants in both age groups had a BMI > 30	92.6% of females had invasive BC; Ten-year survival rate did not differ significantly with females ≤ 45 or > 45. Only 12% of patients presented with early-stage disease
[42]	Data-analysis of patients treated with BCS and MRM between February 1988 and August 2008	112 Saudi women. Not included if had distant metastasis or neoadjuvant chemotherapy	23-76 yr (47.0 ± 10.3)	Range: 15-52.8; Mean BMI (± SD): 31.8 (± 7.2); 28.6% overweight 53.6% obese	N/A	BMI < 18.5 was significantly associated (P = 0.002) to locoregional recurrences; BMI 26-30 (overweight) was significantly associated with locoregional recurrence (P = 0.002); In multivariate analysis age < 35 was an independent risk factor for locoregional recurrence. The risk of locoregional recurrence was not significant in obese females	Only 8.93% had locoregional recurrences, 83% of women were premenopausal and 17% were postmenopausal
[43]	Retrospective cross-sectional secondary data analysis study	112 Saudi women diagnosed with BC that had either BCS with axillary lymph node dissection or MRM following neoadjuvant therapy	No range; 47 ± 10	Mean BMI (± SD): 32 (± 7.16); 27.3% overweight 56.4% obese	N/A	BC receptor expression was not influenced by BMI	Obesity did not influence the TNM stage of the breast tumour; 82.7% of the sample were premenopausal and 17.3% were postmenopausal

BMI > 24.9 is overweight and BMI-30 is obese. BMI: Body mass index; PA: Physical activity; SD: Standard deviation; BC: Breast cancer; KSA: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; BCS: Breast-conserving surgery; MRM: Modified radical mastectomy; US: United States; WLE: Wide local excision.