Objective response rate assessment in oncology: Current situation and future expectations

Table 8 Summary of current objective response assessment criteria

Response assessment criteria	Year	Imaging modalities	Assessment type	Advantages	Disadvantages
WHO	1979 and 1981	CT	Anatomic, size-based	First objective measurements of images of all lesions	Time-consuming procedure; Interobserver variability
RECIST v1.0	2000	CT, MRI	Anatomic, size-based	Easier than WHO; Measurement of "Target" and "Non-target" lesions; Less measurement errors	Only anatomic assessment
RECIST v1.1	2009	CT, MRI, PET	Anatomic, size-based	Easier than RECIST v1.0 Lymph nodes incorporated	Only anatomic assessment
mRECIST	2006	CT, MRI	Anatomic, size-based	Simpler than RECIST v1.1	Only anatomic assessment, not prospectively validated
mRECIST for HCC	2010	CT, MRI	Anatomic and functional; Based on contrast enhancement	Measurement of a viable tumor. Appropriate for loco-regional therapies	Only for HCC
EASL and qEASL	2000 and 2012	CT, MRI	Anatomic and functional; Based on contrast enhancement	qEASL is better than RECIST to predict OS; Measurement of a viable tumor	Only for HCC
Choi criteria	2007	CT	Anatomic and functional; Based on tumor density	Validated for GIST, more precise than RECIST; Measurement of a viable tumor	Only for GIST
Morphologic Response	2009	CT	Anatomic and functional; Based on morphologic changes	Appropriate for bevacizumab treatment	For CRC liver met., not prospectively validated
irRC	2009	CT, MRI	Anatomic, size-based	For the treatment with immune-checkpoint inhibitors, capture of atypical response (pseudoprogression)	The variability of interpretation
irRECIST	2013	CT, MRI
iRECIST	2017	CT, MRI
imRECIST	2018	CT, MRI
EORTC PET PERCIST 1.0 iPERCIST	1999, 2009, 2019	PET	Metabolic	Detection of early metabolic changes	Limited resolution for tumors less than 0.4 cm. In NSCLC patients, retrospective
MDA criteria	2004 and 2010	CT, MRI, XR, SS	Anatomic	A comprehensive evaluation of bone metastasis	Only for bone metastasis
RANO	2010	MRI	Anatomic and functional; Based on contrast enhancement	Capture of pseudoprogression and pseudoresponse	Only for brain tumors

CT: Computerized tomography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; PET: Positron emission tomography; XR: Plain radiography; SS: Skeletal scintigraphy; WHO: World Health Organization; RECIST: Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors; EORTC: European Organization for Research in the Treatment of Cancer; iPERCIST: İmmune positron emission tomography Response Criteria; NSCLC: Non-small-cell lung cancer; GIST: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors; CRC: Colorectal cancer; mRECIST: Modified Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors; irRECIST: İmmune-related Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors; iRECIST: İmmunotherapy Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors; irRC: İmmune-specific related response criteria; imRECIST: Immune-Modified Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors; EASL: European Association for the Study of the Liver; qEASL: Quantitative European Association for the Study of the Liver; MDA: MD Anderson; OS: Overall survival; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.