Copyright
©The Author(s) 2019.
World J Clin Oncol. Mar 24, 2019; 10(3): 110-135
Published online Mar 24, 2019. doi: 10.5306/wjco.v10.i3.110
Published online Mar 24, 2019. doi: 10.5306/wjco.v10.i3.110
Tumor type | HEHE | HAS | HPC | HPEComas-NOS | KS | HSVNs |
Epidemiology | Very rare, 30-40 yr, F: M ratio 3:2 | 2% of primary hepatic neoplasms, 50-60 yr, M:F ratio 3-4:1 | Very rare, 40-50 yr, M:F ratio 1:1 | Extremely rare, mostly female | 8.3%-34% of AIDS-related tumors | Rare, mean age 54 yr, male predominance |
Etiology | - | Thorotrast, vinyl chloride monomers and arsenical compounds exposure, radiation | - | - | HHV-8, HIV infection | - |
Gross pathology | Multiple ill-defined firm, tan- to white-colored nodules | Multicentric infiltrative sponge-like hemorrhagic nodules | Well-circumscribed solitary lesion, with hemorrhage and cystic degeneration on sectioning | Pale tan, friable soft tumor | Multiple irregulat red-brown masses | Poorly circumscribed, single nonencapsulated hemorrhagic tumor |
Histology | Epithelioid/spindle cells surrounded by myxoid stroma, presence of cytoplasmic vacuoles, intravascular tumor growth | Spindle-shaped/epithelioid tumor cells with ill-defined borders, frequent mitotic figures | Hypervascular tumor, spindle-shaped cells | Large epithelioid tumor cells surrounding small vessels | Spindle tumor cells, separated by slit-like vascular channels | Thin-walled small vascular spaces , delineated by hobnail-like endothelial cells, no mitotic figures |
Immunohistochemical markers | CAMTA 1 expression, Ki-67 expression > 10% | ERG, VEGFR2 | Vimentin, S-100, muscle-specific actin, smooth muscle actin, CD 34 | gp 100 protein, HMSA-1, SMA, vimentin | HHV8-LANA 1 | CD34, CD31, FLI1, Ki-67 index < 10% |
Molecular features | WWTR1-CAMTA1 and YAP1-TFE3 fusion genes | TP53, KRAS-2 mutations | 12q13-15 alterations in some cases | Genetic changes of the TSC genes | HHV8- DNA detection | Hotspot GNAQ, PIK3CA mutation |
Clinical features | Oligosymptomatic → portal hypertension, venooclusive disease | Abdominal pain, weight loss, malaise, portal hypertension, hemoperitoneum | Asymptomatic → hemoperitoneum→ paraneoplastic syndromes (hypoglycemia) | Mostly asymptomatic → hemoperitoneum | Asymtomatic/oligosymptomatic | Mostly asymptomatic |
Imaging US/CEUS | Hypoechoic heterogeneous mass/nodules | Heterogeneous echogenicity; CEUS: Central nonenhancement, irregular enhancement of the tumor periphery in arterial and portal phase, complete wash-out in the late phase | Hypoechoic, hypervascular tumors | Heterogeneous hypoechoic lesion | Heterogeneous cystic lesion, solid areas and hyperechoic strands surrounding peripheral portal branches | Hypoechoic and heterogenous tumor. ceus: Intense early and homogeneous enhancement in the arterial phase, continuing in the portal phase, isoechoic in delayed phase |
Native CT scan | Extent of the tumor assessment, focal atrophy, retraction of the liver capsule | Hypoattenuating pattern of the tumor | Hypodense/ isodense tumor | Low-density mass | Inhomogeneous liver structure, multiple hypodense scattered small-sized nodules, mostly located in periportal regions | Nonspecific |
Contrast-enhanced CT scan | Multiple hepatic bilobar hypoattenuating lesions; larger tumors: halo or target-type pattern of contrast enhancement (typically) | Hypodense lesions, various patterns of contrast enhancement; isodense after contrast administration; large tumors: heterogeneous structure, various patterns of early contrast enhancement ± focal irregular areas/ peripheral rim enhancement; arterioportal shunting | Lobulated tumor: Solid zones with contrast enhancement, cystic areas, with speckled calcifications | Heterogeneous and intense enhancement on arterial phase, slightly hypodense aspect on portal phase and enhancing rim on delayed phase | Nonspecific | Nonspecific |
CT angiography | Nonspecific | Multiple/solitary hypervascular masses, heterogeneous early and progressive contrast enhancement | Highly vascular tumor | Nonspecific | Nonspecific | Nonspecific |
MRI T1-weighted | Hypo-intense lesions | Heterogeneous hiperintense pattern | Hypo-intense lesion | Nonspecific | Hypointense on T1-weighted in-phase scanning and hyperintense on T1-weighted out-of-phase scanning | Nonspecific |
MRI T2-weighted | Hyper-intense heterogeneous pattern | Hyper-intense heterogeneous pattern | Nonspecific | |||
MRI DW | Variable | Not known | ||||
Extracellular contrast MRI | Larger tumors: peripheral halo or target-type of enhancement, ± peripheral hypo-intense rim of avascular tissue | Mild enhancement in the early phase, progressive homogeneous enhancement, with complete tumor wash-out in delayed and parenchymal phase | Heterogeneous contrast enhancement | |||
FDG PET | Variable uptake | Increased uptake | Increased uptake | Controversial results | Nonspecific | Nonspecific |
Prognosis | 75% 5-yr survival rate following surgery | Very poor, 2-yr survival rate under treatment < 3% | 50% 5-yr disease free survival after Ro surgery | Not very clearly defined | Reserved | Benign/low-grade neoplasia – currently, prognosis not well defined |
Treatment | Liver resection Liver transplantation; TACE; Chemotherapy, antiangiogenic agents | Tumor/hepatic resection; Liver transplantation contraindicated; Adjuvant/palliative chemotherapy, antiangiogenic agents, immunotherapy | Aggressive surgery; Radiotherapy, chemotherapy, antiangiogenic treatment | Follow-up; Surgical resection Chemo-, radiotherapy, mTOR inhibitors, immunotherapy; SRBT, TAE, RFA | ARV HIV treatment; Systemic chemotherapy; Novel targeted treatments under study; HHV-8 replication inhibitors | Resection and long-term follow-up |
- Citation: Lazăr DC, Avram MF, Romoșan I, Văcariu V, Goldiș A, Cornianu M. Malignant hepatic vascular tumors in adults: Characteristics, diagnostic difficulties and current management. World J Clin Oncol 2019; 10(3): 110-135
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-4333/full/v10/i3/110.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5306/wjco.v10.i3.110