Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2019.
World J Clin Oncol. Mar 24, 2019; 10(3): 110-135
Published online Mar 24, 2019. doi: 10.5306/wjco.v10.i3.110
Table 1 Main clinical-pathological aspects of malignant vascular hepatic tumors in adults
Tumor typeHEHEHASHPCHPEComas-NOSKSHSVNs
EpidemiologyVery rare, 30-40 yr, F: M ratio 3:22% of primary hepatic neoplasms, 50-60 yr, M:F ratio 3-4:1Very rare, 40-50 yr, M:F ratio 1:1Extremely rare, mostly female8.3%-34% of AIDS-related tumorsRare, mean age 54 yr, male predominance
Etiology-Thorotrast, vinyl chloride monomers and arsenical compounds exposure, radiation--HHV-8, HIV infection-
Gross pathologyMultiple ill-defined firm, tan- to white-colored nodulesMulticentric infiltrative sponge-like hemorrhagic nodulesWell-circumscribed solitary lesion, with hemorrhage and cystic degeneration on sectioningPale tan, friable soft tumorMultiple irregulat red-brown massesPoorly circumscribed, single nonencapsulated hemorrhagic tumor
HistologyEpithelioid/spindle cells surrounded by myxoid stroma, presence of cytoplasmic vacuoles, intravascular tumor growthSpindle-shaped/epithelioid tumor cells with ill-defined borders, frequent mitotic figuresHypervascular tumor, spindle-shaped cellsLarge epithelioid tumor cells surrounding small vesselsSpindle tumor cells, separated by slit-like vascular channelsThin-walled small vascular spaces , delineated by hobnail-like endothelial cells, no mitotic figures
Immunohistochemical markersCAMTA 1 expression, Ki-67 expression > 10%ERG, VEGFR2Vimentin, S-100, muscle-specific actin, smooth muscle actin, CD 34gp 100 protein, HMSA-1, SMA, vimentinHHV8-LANA 1CD34, CD31, FLI1, Ki-67 index < 10%
Molecular featuresWWTR1-CAMTA1 and YAP1-TFE3 fusion genesTP53, KRAS-2 mutations12q13-15 alterations in some casesGenetic changes of the TSC genesHHV8- DNA detectionHotspot GNAQ, PIK3CA mutation
Clinical featuresOligosymptomatic → portal hypertension, venooclusive diseaseAbdominal pain, weight loss, malaise, portal hypertension, hemoperitoneumAsymptomatic → hemoperitoneum→ paraneoplastic syndromes (hypoglycemia)Mostly asymptomatic → hemoperitoneumAsymtomatic/oligosymptomaticMostly asymptomatic
Imaging US/CEUSHypoechoic heterogeneous mass/nodulesHeterogeneous echogenicity; CEUS: Central nonenhancement, irregular enhancement of the tumor periphery in arterial and portal phase, complete wash-out in the late phaseHypoechoic, hypervascular tumorsHeterogeneous hypoechoic lesionHeterogeneous cystic lesion, solid areas and hyperechoic strands surrounding peripheral portal branchesHypoechoic and heterogenous tumor. ceus: Intense early and homogeneous enhancement in the arterial phase, continuing in the portal phase, isoechoic in delayed phase
Native CT scanExtent of the tumor assessment, focal atrophy, retraction of the liver capsuleHypoattenuating pattern of the tumorHypodense/ isodense tumorLow-density massInhomogeneous liver structure, multiple hypodense scattered small-sized nodules, mostly located in periportal regionsNonspecific
Contrast-enhanced CT scanMultiple hepatic bilobar hypoattenuating lesions; larger tumors: halo or target-type pattern of contrast enhancement (typically)Hypodense lesions, various patterns of contrast enhancement; isodense after contrast administration; large tumors: heterogeneous structure, various patterns of early contrast enhancement ± focal irregular areas/ peripheral rim enhancement; arterioportal shuntingLobulated tumor: Solid zones with contrast enhancement, cystic areas, with speckled calcificationsHeterogeneous and intense enhancement on arterial phase, slightly hypodense aspect on portal phase and enhancing rim on delayed phaseNonspecificNonspecific
CT angiographyNonspecificMultiple/solitary hypervascular masses, heterogeneous early and progressive contrast enhancementHighly vascular tumorNonspecificNonspecificNonspecific
MRI T1-weightedHypo-intense lesionsHeterogeneous hiperintense patternHypo-intense lesionNonspecificHypointense on T1-weighted in-phase scanning and hyperintense on T1-weighted out-of-phase scanningNonspecific
MRI T2-weightedHyper-intense heterogeneous patternHyper-intense heterogeneous patternNonspecific
MRI DWVariableNot known
Extracellular contrast MRILarger tumors: peripheral halo or target-type of enhancement, ± peripheral hypo-intense rim of avascular tissueMild enhancement in the early phase, progressive homogeneous enhancement, with complete tumor wash-out in delayed and parenchymal phaseHeterogeneous contrast enhancement
FDG PETVariable uptakeIncreased uptakeIncreased uptakeControversial resultsNonspecificNonspecific
Prognosis75% 5-yr survival rate following surgeryVery poor, 2-yr survival rate under treatment < 3%50% 5-yr disease free survival after Ro surgeryNot very clearly definedReservedBenign/low-grade neoplasia – currently, prognosis not well defined
TreatmentLiver resection Liver transplantation; TACE; Chemotherapy, antiangiogenic agentsTumor/hepatic resection; Liver transplantation contraindicated; Adjuvant/palliative chemotherapy, antiangiogenic agents, immunotherapyAggressive surgery; Radiotherapy, chemotherapy, antiangiogenic treatmentFollow-up; Surgical resection Chemo-, radiotherapy, mTOR inhibitors, immunotherapy; SRBT, TAE, RFAARV HIV treatment; Systemic chemotherapy; Novel targeted treatments under study; HHV-8 replication inhibitorsResection and long-term follow-up