Neuroimaging the brain-gut axis in patients with irritable bowel syndrome

Table 1 Neuroimaging the brain-gut axis in patients with irritable bowel syndrome

Ref.	Year	Country	Imaging	NI	F	M	CN	ACC	MCC	AMG	HIP	HYP	aINS	pINS	PFC	PoCG	THAL	Inven Diff	Conf/corr
Niddam et al[19]	2011	Taiwan	MRS	15	8	7	15				-							-	A (st), PCS
Blankstein et al[20]	2010	Canada	sMRI	11	11	0	16		-			+						-	Dz, PCS
Seminowicz et al[21]	2010	United States	sMRI	56	56	0	49											A, D	A, D, Dz
Hong et al[22]	2014	United States	sMRI	11	9	2	41						-R					A, C, D, S, V	-
Jiang et al[23]	2014	United States	sMRI	90	70	20	176	- B					-B	-B		+L		A, C, D, E, S	A, Dz, ETI, Sb, Sx
Labus et al[24]	2014	United States	sMRI	82	82	0	119			-R						+L		A, C, D, E	Dz, ETI
Piché et al[25]	2013	Canada	sMRI	14	14	0	14							+R				A, C, D	Dz
Berman et al[26]	2012	United States	sMRI/PET	11	5	6	11	+B		+R				+R				N, VSI	ETISF
Chen et al[27]	2011	Canada	MRI-DTI	10	10	0	16							+R				-	Dz, N, PCS
Ellingston et al[28]	2013	United States	MRI-DTI	33	21	12	93	+B									-B	-	Dz, Sx
Ma et al[29]	2014	China	rs-fMRI	21	7	14	21				-R					-B		NA	Dz
Hong et al[30]	2013	United States	rs-fMRI	60	31	29	118			+L	+R		+B					A, D, N, V	Dz, Sx
Hong et al[31]	2014	United States	rs-fMRI	48	24	24	48						-L					A, D, V	Dz, VSI
Gupta et al[17]	2014	United States	rs-fMRI	58	28	30	110	+B	+R				+B1	+R			+L	A, D, E, N	ETI, Sx
Aizawa et al[41]	2012	Japan	fMRI	30	15	15	30				-R			+L	-R			-	-
Labus et al[42]	2013	United States	fMRI	47	27	20	67			+R								A, D	A, D, Sx
Hubbard et al[43]	2011	United States	fMRI	14	14	0	17		+L	+L		+L						A (tr)	A (st & tr)
Kilpatrick et al[44]	2011	United States	fMRI	26	26	0	29			+L	+L							-	Genotype
Hall et al[32]	2009	Canada	fMRI-RD	7	7	0	6	+R					+L1		+B			NA	-
Larsson et al[33]	2012	Sweden	fMRI-RD	44	44	0	20	+L			+R		+R	+L	+L		+L	A, D	Subgrps of Pain
Elsenbruch et al[34]	2010	Germany	fMRI-RD	15	15	0	12		+L				+L1		+L			A	A
Icenhour et al[35]	2015	Germany	fMRI-RD	17	15	2	21	+R	+L	+L					+		+	A, C, D, N	A
Bouhassira et al[36]	2013	France	fMRI-RD	20	20	0	11											HAD -t	HAD, PCS
Lee et al[37]	2012	Taiwan	fMRI-RD	17	11	6	17		+B				+L1		+B			A, HAD -t	A
Schmid et al[38]	2015	Germany	fMRI-RD	17	15	2	17		+B		+L							A, D, N	D
Lowén et al[39]	2013	Sweden	fMRI-RD	44	44	0	18	+B	+L		-L		+R	+R	+L			-	-
Labus et al[40]	2011	Netherlands	fMRI- RD	14	14	0	12			+					+			A, D	-

¹Results reported for insula vs aINS; +: Activation/increased connectivity; -: Deactivation/decreased connectivity; A: Anxiety; A (st): State anxiety; A (tr): Trait anxiety; ACC: Anterior cingulate cortex; AMG: Amygdala; aINS: Anterior insular cortex; B: Bilateral; C: Catastrophizing; CN: Control group sample size; Conf/Corr: Confounding/correlating variables; D: Depression; Dz: Disease variables; E or ETI: Early trauma inventory; ETISF: Early trauma inventory short form; F: Female; fMRI: Functional magnetic resonance imaging; HAD: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Index; HAD-t: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Index Total Score; HIP: Hippocampus, HYP: Hypothalamus; Inven Diff: Inventory differences; L: Left; M: Male; MCC: Mid cingulate cortex; MRI-DTI: Magnetic resonance imaging - diffusion tensor imaging; MRS: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy; NI: Sample size of IBS patients; N: Neuroticism measured via NEO-PI (five factor inventory for personality); NA: Not assessed; PCS: Pain Catastrophizing Scale; PET: Positron emission tomography; PFC: Prefrontal cortex; pINS: Posterior insular cortex; PoCG: Post central gyrus; R: Right; RD: Rectal distension; S: Somatization - PHQ score (Patient Health Questionnaire); rs-fMRI: Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging; Sb: Bowel subgroup; Sx: Patient sex; sMRI: Structural magnetic resonance imaging; THAL: Thalamus; VSI: Visceral sensitivity index.