Effect of electrical stimulation of the lower esophageal sphincter in gastroesophageal reflux disease patients refractory to proton pump inhibitors

Figure 1 Lower esophageal sphincter stimulation system. A: EndoStim^® wireless Programmer, Implantable Pulse Generator and Bipolar Stimulation Lead. Inset shows the two stimulation electrodes and the butterfly used for anchoring the electrode at the LES; B: Schematic of the EndoStim^® System Implant in a Patient: Electrode position and IPG implant location. Bipolar stitch electrodes are placed in the abdominal esophagus anteriorly in an inline configuration 1 cm apart. The lead is connected to the IPG that is implanted in the subcutaneous pocket in the anterior abdomen. IPG: Implantable pulse generator; LES: Lower esophageal sphincter.