Liver transplantation in adults: Choosing the appropriate timing

Table 3 Main causes of acute liver failure

Infective

Virus

Hepatotropic: HAV, HBV, HBV + HDV, HEV

Non-hepatotropic: Adenovirus, Epstein-Barr, Cytomegalovirus,

Echovirus, Varicella Zoster virus, Yellow fever, Herpes simplex ,

Parvovirus B19, Coxsackie

Rarely virus: Lassa, Ebola, Marburg e Toga Virus

Bacteria: Salmonellosis, Tuberculosis, Septicemia

Others: Malaria, Bartonella, Leptospirosis

Drugs

Dose dependent: Paracetamol, Halothane

Idiosyncratic reactions: Isoniazid, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory

drugs, Phenytoin, Sodium valproate, Carbamazepine, Ecstasy,

Tioglitazone, Antibiotics, Allopurinol, Propylthiouracil, Amiodarone,

ketoconazole, Antiretroviral drugs

Synergistic drug interactions:

Isoniazid + Rifampicin

Trimethoprim + Sulfamethoxazole

Barbiturates + Paracetamol

Amoxycillin + Clavulanic Acid

Toxins

Amanita phalloides (mushroom poisoning), Herbal medicines, Carbon

tetrachloride, Yellow phosphorus, Industrial solvents, Chlorbenzenes

Metabolic disease

Galactosemia, Tyrosinemia, Hereditary fructose intolerance, Neonatal

hemochromatosis, Niemann-Pick disease type C, Wilson’s disease,

Mitochondrial cytopathies, Congenital disorder of glycosylation,

Acute fatty liver of pregnancy

Autoimmune hepatitis

Type 1 autoimmune hepatitis, Type 2 autoimmune hepatitis, Giant cell

hepatitis with Coomb’s positive hemolytic anemia

Vascular disease

Budd-Chiari syndrome, Acute circulatory failure, Heat stroke,

Acute cardiac failure, Cardiomyopathies

Oncology disease

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, Leukemia, Lymphoma

HAV: Hepatitis A virus; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HDV: Hepatitis delta virus; HEV: Hepatitis E virus.