Drugs used for pain management in gastrointestinal surgery and their implications

Table 1 Preoperative assessment and education of patient[20]

Establish good relationship with patients’ relatives
Take pain history
Teach patient about pain assessment and management plan
Inspect concerns and handle misinterpretations regarding pain medications, adverse effects and dependence
Create a plan for postoperative analgesia in alliance with patient depending on type of surgery, anticipated severity of postoperative pain, co morbidities, the risk-benefit and expense of techniques, patient’s preferences
Patient selected appropriate pain assessment tool (e.g., Numeric Rating Scale, Visual Analog Scale)
Mention the patient’s selected pain assessment tool
Teach patient and relatives about their responsibilities