Impact of epinephrine volume on further bleeding due to high-risk peptic ulcer disease in the combination therapy era

Table 4 Prospective combination therapy studies incorporating epinephrine for peptic ulcer disease

Ref.	Additional therapy	Mean volume (mL)	PPI	Forrest class	Number	Rebleeding		Follow-up
Karaman et al[14], 2011	Thermal	6	Yes	1a and 1b	78a	4	5%	4 wk
Kim et al[12], 2015	Thermal	6	Yes	1a, 1b, 2a	151	12	8%	30 d
Lin et al[20], 1999	Thermal	7	Yes	1a, 1b, 2a	30	2	7%	14 d
Tekant et al[22], 1995	Thermal	7	No	1b and 2a	48b	3	6%	5 d
Chau et al[18], 2003	Thermal	8	Yes	1a, 1b, 2a	164c	34	21%	10 d
Chung et al[19], 1999	Thermal	10	No	1a, 1b, 2a	41	4	10%	7 d
Lin et al[17], 2003	Thermal and Clipping	10	Yes	1a, 1b, 2a	86	7	8%	14 d
Chung et al[21], 1997	Thermal	10	Some	1a and 1b	135	5	4%	4 wk
Grgov et al[13], 2013	Clipping	11	Yes	1a, 1b, 2a	35	2	6%	8 wk
Bianco et al[16], 2004	Thermal	12	Yes	1a, 1b, 2a	58	5	9%	30 d
Taghavi et al[15], 2009	Thermal and Clipping	21	Yes	1a, 1b, 2a	147c	13	9%	30 d
Total		10			973	91	9%

^aAll patients received between 5 and 6 mL of epinephrine.

^bPatients who received endoscopic therapy for pigmented spots or adherent clots were excluded.

^cPatients who received endoscopic therapy for adherent clots were excluded. PPI: Proton pump inhibitor.