Oral encapsulated transforming growth factor β1 reduces endogenous levels: Effect on inflammatory bowel disease

Figure 2 Effect of oral treatment with TreXTAM on levels of transforming growth factor in colon. Treated rats (n =3) received TreXTAM [60 mg/kg encapsulated transforming growth factor (TGF) and 30 mg/kg encapsulated all trans retinoic acid (ATRA)] three times a week for four weeks. Colons of these animals were taken 4 h after the final dose, along with tissues from age and sex matched untreated animals. All tissues were frozen at -20 ^oC and stored until used. Tissues were then thawed and homogenized using a glass tube with the pestle insert, in the presence of EDTA-free SIGMAFAST™ Protease Inhibitor Cocktail Tablets (used as per manufacturer’s instructions). Levels of TGF in lysates were determined by ELISA according to manufacturer’s instructions but without acid activation. (Quantikine, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, United States). Total protein concentration was determined by BCA Protein Assay- Pierce (Thermo Fisher Cat# 23227) Data are expressed as pg/100 μg protein ± standard deviation. TGFβ: Transforming growth factor .