Opioid use and misuse in ulcerative colitis

Table 2 Predictors of chronic narcotic use in patients with ulcerative colitis

Variables	Odds ratio estimates (Point estimates with 95% Wald confidence limits)	P value
FGID	4.50 (1.91-10.59)	< 0.001
Female sex	0.76 (0.41-1.42)	0.390
Tobacco use	2.53 (1.06-6.08)	0.038
Alcohol use	0.53 (0.27-1.04)	0.065
Anxiety	3.17 (1.08-9.26)	0.035
Depression	1.36 (0.59-3.11)	0.468
Disability/Medicaid insurance status	1.77 (0.49-6.38)	0.382

Among the risk factors included in the multivariate analysis, only functional gastrointestinal disease, tobacco use, and anxiety increased the risk for chronic narcotic use in ulcerative colitis. FGID: Functional gastrointestinal disease.