Effect of replenishment of vitamin D on survival in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis: A prospective study

Table 5 Vitamin D deficiency in chronic liver disease

Ref.	Disease (n)	Prevalence of VDD	Findings/conclusions
Ko et al[27], 2016	Compensated CLD (n = 207)	80% overall; 35% < 10 ng/mL; 45% < 20 ng/mL	VDD (< 10 ng/mL) in advanced vs no advanced fibrosis: 53% vs 24% (P < 0.05)
Gevora et al[28], 2014	HCV related CLD (n = 296)	82% < 80 nmol/L; 16% < 25 nmol/L	The inverse relationship noted between VD levels and viral load, liver fibrosis and treatment outcomes
Trépo et al[8], 2013	ALD (n = 324)	59% < 10 ng/mL	VDD are significantly associated with increased liver damage and mortality
Kitson et al[21], 2013	HCV-1 related CLD (n = 274)	48% < 75 nmol/L; 16% < 50 nmol/L	VD level is not associated with SVR or fibrosis stage, but VDD is associated with high activity grade
Arteh et al[19], 2010	CLD (n = 113)	92% < 32 ng/mL	VDD in cirrhotics vs noncirrhotics: 30% vs 14% (P = 0.05)
Costa Silva et al[29], 2015	Cirrhosis (n = 133)	70% < 30 ng/mL; 14% < 20 ng/mL	Significantly lower levels of VD were found at the time of acute decompensation
Savic et al[30], 2014	ALD (n = 30)	67% < 50 nmol/L	Highest prevalence of VDD were seen in CTP-C patients (P < 0.05)
Corey et al[31], 2014	ESLD (n = 158)	67% < 25 ng/mL	VDD is common among patients with ESLD awaiting LT
Putz-Bankuti et al[9], 2012	Cirrhosis (n = 75)	53% < 20 ng/mL	VD levels are inversely correlated with MELD and CTP scores (P < 0.05)
Malham et al[32], 2011	Alcoholic cirrhosis (n = 89)	85% < 50 nmol/L 55% < 25 nmol/L	VDD in cirrhosis relates to liver dysfunction rather than aetiology
Trépo et al[8], 2015	Cirrhosis (n = 251)	92% Overall; 69% < 10 ng/mL; 24% < 20 ng/mL	VDD in decompensated cirrhosis are associated with infectious complications and mortality
Anty et al[10], 2014	Cirrhosis (n = 88)	57% < 10 ng/mL	Severe VDD is a predictor of infection [OR = 5.44 (1.35-21.97), P < 0.05]
Stokes et al[18], 2014	Cirrhosis (n = 65)	86% < 20 ng/mL	VD levels is an independent predictors of survival [OR = 6.3 (1.2-31.2); P < 0.05]
Fernández Fernández et al[13], 2016	CLD (n = 94)	87% < 30 ng/mL or < 20 ng/mL	VD supplementation significantly improves CTP score
Zhang et al[14], 2016	Cirrhosis with SBP (n = 119)	100%	VD supplementation can up-regulate peritoneal macrophage VDR and LL-37 expressions and enhance defence against SBP
Rode et al[26], 2010	CLD (n = 158)	64% 25-54 nmol/L; 14% < 25 nmol/L	VDD improves with oral VD supplementation and VD levels fall without supplementation
Present study	Decompensated cirrhosis (n = 101)	84% < 20 ng/mL	VD levels improved with VD supplementation. VD supplementation may increase the survival probability of patients of decompensated cirrhosis

To convert results into SI units: ng/mL × 2.5 = nmol/L. VD: Vitamin D; VDD: Vitamin D deficiency; SBP: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis; LT: Liver transplant; ALD: Alcoholic liver disease; ESLD: End stage liver disease.