Neurophysiological mechanisms of bradykinin-evoked mucosal chloride secretion in guinea pig small intestine

Figure 2 Bradykinin-evoked increase in short-circuit current is mediated mainly by the enteric nervous system and by an increase of acetylcholine release. A: Effect of tetrodotoxin (TTX; 1 μM), a muscarinic receptor antagonist, scopolamine (Scop; 1 μM), a VIP receptor antagonist (VIP 6-28; 1 μM) or an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, L-NAME (100 μM), on BK-evoked Isc; B: Quantitative data showing the effect of TTX, scopolamine, VIP antagonist and L-NAME on BK-evoked response in Isc. The vertical axis represents the changes of Isc. Values are expressed as mean ± SE, n = 6 animals. ^aP < 0.01, ^eP < 0.001 (vs BK alone). TTX: Tetrodotoxin; Scop: Scopolamine; VIP: Vasoactive intestinal peptide; BK: Bradykinin; Isc: Increases in short-circuit current.