Epidemiological studies of esophageal cancer in the era of genome-wide association studies

Table 1 Major risk factors for esophageal cancer

Risk factor	Ref.
Cigarette smoking (tobacco use)	Fan et al[12], Oze et al[7]
Alcohol drinking (alcohol consumption)1	Oze et al[13], Fan et al[12], Islami et al[5]
Drinking hot tea or soup at high temperature	Wu et al[14]
Food mutagens	Yokokawa et al[15], Zhang et al[16]
Family history	Turati et al[9], Gao et al[17]
Nutritional deficiency	Tran et al[18]
Poor oral hygiene/ESCC	Dar et al[8]
Coffee consumption2	Naganuma et al[11]
HPV infection	Li et al[19], Cui et al[20]
Obesity	Chen et al[21]

¹Alcohol consumption depends on the quantity of alcohol intake;

²Coffee consumption: reverse relation. ESCC: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.