Growth hormone and gastrointestinal malignancy: An intriguing link

Table 1 The risk of colorectal and gastrointestinal neoplasms in acromegaly: The major studies

Ref.	Country	Colorectal cancer risk	Other GI cancer risk
Esposito et al[7], 2021	Sweden	SIR 1.5; 95%CI: 1.0 to 2.2	Stomach (SIR 1.7; 95%CI: 0.6 to 4.0); pancreas (SIR 2.1; 95%CI: 0.9 to 4.1)
Battistone et al[8], 2021	Argentina	5.7% vs 0% (P = 0.0063)	Advanced colorectal adenoma: 27.3% vs 7% (P = 0.0006)
Terzolo et al[9],2017	Italy	SIR 1.67; 95%CI: 1.07 to 2.58	NA
Dal et al[15], 2018	Denmark	SIR 1.4; 95%CI: 0.7 to 2.6	NA
Wolinski et al[16], 2017	Poland	2% vs 0% (P = 0.14)	NA
Petroff et al[17], 2015	Germany	4 vs 6.6 (P = 0.43)	NA
Kauppien-Makelin et al[18], 2010	Finland	SIR 1.9; 95%CI: 0.7 to 4.1	NA
Kurimoto et al[12], 2008	Japan	Male: (SIR 19.0; 95%CI: 5.18 to 48.64); female: (SIR 17.4; 95%CI: 4.74 to 44.55)	NA
Matano et al[13], 2005	Japan	OR 9.8; 95%CI: 1.0 to 97.2	NA
Terzolo et al[14], 2005	Italy	RR 4.9 (95%CI: 1.1 to 22.4).	NA
Baris et al[11], 2002	Sweden and Denmark	Colon (SIR 2.6; 95%CI: 1.6 to 3.8); rectum (SIR 2.5; 95%CI: 1.3 to 4.2)	Overall digestive system (SIR 2.1; 95%CI: 1.6 to 2.7); small intestine (SIR 6.0; 95%CI: 1.2 to 17.4)
Orme et al[19], 1998	United Kingdom	Colon cancer (SIR 1.67; 95%CI: 0.87 to 2.93, P = 0.06); rectal cancer (SIR 0.86; 95%CI: 0.23 to 2.20, P = 0.69)	NA
Ron et al[10], 1991	United States	Colon (SIR 3.1; 95%CI: 1.7 to 5.1)	Overall digestive system (SIR 2.0; 95%CI: 1.3 to 2.9); esophagus (SIR 3.1; 95%CI: 1.3 to 6.0); stomach (SIR 2.5; 95%CI: 0.8 to 6.0)

CI: Confidence interval; GI: Gastrointestinal; NA: Not available; OR: Odds ratio; RR: Risk ratio; SIR: Standardized incidence rate.