Radiology education in Europe: Analysis of results from 22 European countries

Table 4 Certification and research responses

Country	Research requirement for residency	If yes, describe research requirement	Type of certifying exam required	Number of MRI scanners	Percentage of radiology procedures by non-radiologists
Armenia	No	---	Oral	6-10	---
Austria	Yes	9-mo research	Written and oral	> 100	15%-20%
Bulgaria	No	---	Oral	10-50	> 20%
Croatia	Yes	Indexed publication	Written and oral	10-50	---
Denmark	Yes	1-mo research	Oral	10-50	0%-5%
Estonia	No	---	Oral	---	---
Greece	Yes	---	Written and oral	---	---
Hungary	No	---	Written and oral	5-10	---
Italy	Yes	At least one research project	Written and oral	> 100	0%-5%
Lithuania	Yes	Research presentation	Written and oral	10-50	---
Malta	No	---	Written and oral	6-10	---
Norway	---	---	---	> 100	---
Poland	No	---	Written and oral	> 100	15%-20%
Portugal	No	---	Oral	51-100	> 20%
Romania	No	---	Written and oral	< 5	---
Serbia	No	---	Written and oral	10-50	5%-10%
Slovakia	No	---	Written and oral	10-50	---
Slovenia	Yes	At least one publication during residency	Written and oral	10-50	10%-15%
Spain	No	---	Written	> 100	10%-15%
Sweden	Yes	---	---	---	---
Switzerland	No	---	Written and oral	51-100	> 20%
United Kingdom	Yes	Basic research competency	Written and oral	> 100	> 20%