Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in cancer: Reported apparent diffusion coefficients, in-vitro and in-vivo reproducibility

Table 4 Estimates of apparent diffusion coefficient values reported in human pancreatic body using a mono-exponential fit

Ref.	System	Field strength (T)	Sequence	TR/TE (ms/ms)	No. of Patients/mean age (SD) (year)	b-values (s/mm2)	Mean ADC (SD) (× 10-3 mm2/s)
Yamada et al[24], 1999	Siemens Vision	1.5	SS SE EPI, BH, FS	NR/123	78	0, 30, 300, 900, 1100	1.02 (0.28)
Chow et al[55], 2003	GE Signa	1.5	SS EPI	3000/(46.9-57.5)	12 (4F, 8M)/29	10, 300	2.605 (0.168)
Deng et al[156], 2006	Siemens Sonata	1.5	(1) SS SE EPI, BH	2000/82	9	0, 502	(1) 1.88 (0.27)
			(2) MS PROPELLER, FB, RT, FS + two saturation slabs	2000/105			(2) 2.14 (0.31)
Yoshikawa et al[57], 2006	Philips Intera	1.5	SS EPI, BH, SPIR	1500/66	124	0, 600	1.81 (0.41)
Kiliçkesmez et al[64], 2008	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS EPI,FB, FS	4900/93	50 (29F, 21M)/38.9	0, 500, 1000	1.68 (0.26)
Braithwaite et al[49], 2009	Siemens	3.0	Stimulated Echo EPI, FB, FS	3200/76	20 (20M)/34.7	0, 400	2.63 (0.72)
Fattahi et al[65], 2009	Philips Intera	1.5	SS EPI, BH	1500/66	14 (11F, 3M)/46.1	0, 600	1.78 (0.07)
1Saremi et al[161], 2011	a. Siemens Avanto	a. 1.5	SS SE EPI, FS	(1) 150/75	13 (2F, 11M)/46 (13)	50, 400, 1000	a. 1.07 (0.1)
	b. Siemens Trio	b. 3.0	1. BH, no PI	(2) 144/72			b. 1.08 (0.1)
			2. BH, PI	(3) 174/87
			3. FB, PI
Thomas et al[167], 2012	Philips Achieva	1.5	SS EPI, FB, RT, FS	8000/90	38 (24F, 14M)/56	0, 800	1.77 (0.32)
Corona-Villalobos et al[58], 2013	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS SE EPI, BH	(1) 3000/(69-79)	100 (36F, 64M)/60.4 (14.3)	(1) 0, 750	(1) 1.70 (0.22)
				(2) 2500/(76-95)		(2) 0, 50, 100,	(2) 1.26 (0.16)
						200, 300, 450,
						600, 750
Ma et al[168], 2014	GE Signa	3.0	SS SE EPI, BH, RT, FB, SPIR	(2275-5454)/58.8	21 (11F, 10M)/28.3 (3.6)	0, 500	BH: 1.57 (0.26)
							RT: 1.75 (0.28)
							FB: 1.71 (0.28)
Donati et al[56], 2014	(1) Siemens Sonata	1.5	SS SE EPI, FB, FS	(5000-6225)/(36-76)	10 (10M)/36.6 (7.7)	0, 1000	(1) 1.427 (0.165)
	(2) Siemens Trio	3.0					(2) 1.418 (0.189)
	(3) Philips Achieva	1.5					(3) 1.427 (0.212)
	(4) Philips Achieva	3.0					(4) 1.371 (0.193)
	(5) GE Signa	1.5					(5) 1.496 (0.220)
	(6) GE Discovery	3.0					(6) 1.621 (0.283)
Ma et al[153], 2015	GE Signa	3.0	SS EPI	6000/58.6	22 (13M)/63.7 (6.8)	0, 600	VOI: 1.44 (0.11)
							ROI: 1.40 (0.14)

Some studies were carried out with more b-values than specified in the following table to compute intravoxel incoherent motion-specific parameters.

¹Mean ADC of the three sequences reported in the paper. ADC: Apparent diffusion coefficient; F: Female; M: Male; NR: Not reported; SS: Single shot; MS: Multi-shot; SE: Spin echo; EPI: Echo planar imaging; RF: Radiofrequency; RT: Respiratory triggered; NC: Navigator controlled; FB: Free breathing; BH: Breath-hold; BHI: Breath-hold end inspiratory; BHE: Breath-hold end expiratory; SPIR: Spectral pre-saturation with inversion recovery; ROI: Single slice region of interest; VOI: Whole volume region of interest.