Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in cancer: Reported apparent diffusion coefficients, in-vitro and in-vivo reproducibility

Table 2 Estimates of apparent diffusion coefficient values reported in human kidney (renal parenchyma) using a mono-exponential fit

Ref.	System	Field strength (T)	Sequence	TR/TE (ms/ms)	No. of patients/mean age (SD) (yr)	b-values (s/mm2)	Mean ADC (SD) (× 10-3 mm2/s)
Müller et al[60], 1994	Siemens	1.5	STEAM EPI, BH	2BH/18	10 (7F, 3M)/24	2, 8, 22, 32, 57, 89, 176, 395	3.54 (0.47)
Kim et al[29], 1999	GE Signa	1.5	SS SE EPI, BH (6s), FS	NR/70	P1: 6 (1F, 5M)/29 P2: 48 (18F, 30M)/57	3, 57, 192, 408, 517, 705, 846	b < 850: P1: 1.79 (0.27) P2: 1.92 (0.32) b < 410: P1: 1.79 (0.49) P2: 2.14 (0.44) b < 100: P1: 2.98 (3.01) P2: 3.73 (1.94)
Yamada et al[24], 1999	Siemens Vision	1.5	SS SE EPI, BH, FS	NR/123	78	0, 30, 300, 900, 1100	1.55 (0.27)
Namimoto et al[30], 1999	Siemens Vision	1.5	SS SE EPI, BH	NR/123	16	30, 300	M: 2.84 (0.72)
							C: 2.55 (0.62)
Ries et al[41], 2001	Philips	1.5	(1) SS EPI, BH	BH/86	10	0, 195, 390	a. C: 2.80 (0.32)
			(2) MS EPI, BH	BH/94			M: 2.30 (0.42)
							b. C: 2.89 (0.28)
							M: 2.18 (0.36)
1Mürtz et al[32], 2002	Philips Intera	1.5	SS EPI, RT, BHE, SPIR + four saturation slabs	(1) RT, 4HB/83 (2) 3000/83	12 (4F, 8M)/31	50, 300, 700, 1000, 1300	C: (1) 1.63-1.66 (0.09-0.14) (2) 1.67-1.81 (0.22-0.26)
Chow et al[55], 2003	GE Signa	1.5	SS EPI	3000/(46.9-57.5)	12 (4F, 8M)/29	10, 300	M: 2.091 (0.055)
							C: 2.58 (0.053)
Thoeny et al[31], 2005	Siemens Sonata	1.5	SS EPI, FB, FS + two saturation slabs	3200/71	18 (5F, 13M)/27	0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 500, 750, 1000	b ≤ 1000: M: 1.87 (0.08) C: 2.03 (0.09) b > 300: M: 1.50 (0.12) C: 1.67 (0.11) b < 150: M: 3.76 (0.55) C: 3.72 (0.45)
Yoshikawa et al[57], 2006	Philips Intera	1.5	SS EPI, BH, SPIR	1500/66	(1) 145	0, 600	(1) R, 2.67 (0.29)
					(2) 144		(2) L, 2.60 (0.32)
Kilickesmez et al[64], 2008	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS EPI, FB, FS	4900/93	50 (29F, 21M)/38.9	0, 500, 1000	M: 1.94 (0.18)
							C: 2.08 (0.22)
2Saremi et al[161], 2011	a. Siemens Avanto	a. 1.5	SS SE EPI, FS	(1) 150/75	13 (2F, 11M)/46 (13)	50, 400, 1000	a. 1.8 (0.1)
	b. Siemens Trio	b. 3.0	(1) BH, no PI	(2) 144/72			b. 1.8 (0.1)
			(2) BH, PI	(3) 174/87
			(3) FB, PI
Miquel et al[34], 2012	Philips Achieva	1.5	SS SE EPI, FB	(5300-5800)/62	10 (7F, 3M)/32.3 (4.6)	100, 200, 500, 750, 1000	V1: 1.76 (0.08)
							V2: 1.76 (0.10)
Corona-Villalobos et al[58], 2013	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS SE EPI, BH	(1) 3000/(69-79)	100 (36F, 64M)/60.4 (14.3)	(1) 0, 750	(1) R, 2.07 (0.18)
				(2) 2500/(76-95)		(2) 0, 50, 100,	L, 2.08 (0.19)
						200, 300, 450,	(2) R, 1.79 (0.17)
						600, 750	L, 1.78 (0.16)
Donati et al[56], 2014	(1) Siemens Sonata	1.5	SS SE EPI, FB, FS	(5000-6225)/(36-76)	10 (10M)/36.6 (7.7)	0, 1000	(1) C: 1.92 (0.169)
	(2) Siemens Trio						M: 1.90 (0.137)
	(3) Philips Achieva	3.0					(2) C: 1.86 (0.132)
	(4) Philips Achieva						M: 1.80 (0.093)
	(5) GE Signa	1.5					(3) C: 1.95 (0.176)
	(6) GE Discovery						M: 1.93 (0.11)
		3.0					(4) C: 1.94 (0.132)
							M: 1.90 (0.11)
		1.5					(5) C: 1.95 (0.156)
		3.0					M: 1.94 (0.143)
							(6) C: 2.05 (0.194)
							M: 1.93 (0.147)
Sulkowska et al[166], 2015	Philips Ingenia	1.5	SS EPI	NR/71	50 (28F, 22M)/39 (12)	(1) 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750	(1) C: 2.26 (0.2) M: 2.21 (0.17)
						(2) 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 150, 300, 500, 700, 900	(2) C: 2.13 (0.16) M: 2.06 (0.2)

Some studies were carried out with more b-values than specified in the following table to compute intravoxel incoherent motion-specific parameters.

¹Range of values for three directions;

²Mean ADC of the three sequences reported in the paper. ADC: Apparent diffusion coefficient; F: Female; M: Male; NR: Not reported; SS: Single shot; MS: Multi-shot; SE: Spin echo; STEAM: Stimulated echo; EPI: Echo planar imaging; RF: Radiofrequency; RT: Respiratory triggered; NC: Navigator controlled; FB: Free breathing; BH: Breath-hold; BHI: Breath-hold end inspiratory; BHE: Breath-hold end expiratory; SPIR: Spectral pre-saturation with inversion recovery; FS: Fat suppressed; E: Estimated from the chart; FA: Flip angle; P: Population; V: Visit; PI: Parallel imaging; NPI: No parallel imaging; DTI: Diffusion tensor imaging; WA: Weighted averaging for different b values; LL: Left liver lobe; RL: Right liver lobe.