Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in cancer: Reported apparent diffusion coefficients, in-vitro and in-vivo reproducibility

Table 1 Estimates of apparent diffusion coefficient values reported in healthy human liver using a mono-exponential fit

Ref.	System	Field strength (T)	Sequence	TR/TE (ms/ms)	No. of patients/mean age (SD) (yr)	b-values (s/mm2)	Mean ADC (SD) (× 10-3 mm2/s)
Müller et al[60], 1994	Siemens	1.5	STEAM EPI, BH	2BH/18	10 (7F, 3M)/24	2, 8, 22, 32, 57, 89, 176, 395	1.39 (0.16)
Ichikawa et al[28], 1998	Siemens Vision	1.5	SS SE EPI, BH, FS	NR/54	46 (14F, 32M)/58	1.6, 16, 55	2.28 (1.23)
Yamada et al[24], 1999	Siemens Vision	1.5	SS SE EPI, BH, FS	NR/123	47	0, 30, 300, 900, 1100	0.87 (0.26)
Kim et al[29], 1999	GE Signa	1.5	SS SE EPI, BH (6s), FS	NR/70	P1: 6 (1F, 5M)/29 P2: 48 (18F, 30M)/57	3, 57, 192, 408, 517, 705, 846	b < 850: P1: 1.05 (0.30) P2: 1.02 (0.25) b < 410: P1: 1.55 (0.37) P2: 1.16 (0.42) b < 100: P1: 4.80 (2.37) P2: 3.55 (1.75)
Moteki et al[25], 2002	Siemens Impact	1.0	Turbo FLASH, BH, FA = 12°	8.8/4	46	0, 50.2, 295	1.11 (1.02), 12.3 (5.17)
1Mürtz et al[32], 2002	Philips Intera	1.5	SS EPI, RT, BHE, SPIR + four saturation slabs	(1) RT, 4HB/83 (2) 3000/83	12 (4F, 8M)/31	50, 300, 700, 1000, 1300	(1) 0.92-0.96 (0.09-0.14) (2) 1.03-1.14 (0.22-0.40)
Boulanger et al[155], 2003	GE Signa	1.5	SS EPI, BH	3000/52	10 (2F, 8M)/43.5	50, 100, 150, 200, 250	1.79 (0.25)
Chow et al[55], 2003	GE Signa	1.5	SS EPI	3000/(46.9-57.5)	12 (4F, 8M)/29	10, 300	1.697 (0.052)
Taouli et al[47], 2003	Philips Intera	1.5	SS EPI, BH, FS	(1) 2400/ 104	14	(1) 0, 500	(1) 1.83 (0.36)
				(2) 3106/ 104		(2) 0, 134, 267, 400	(2) 1.51 (0.49)
Taouli et al[39], 2004	Philips Intera	1.5	SS EPI, FS	(1800-2400)/(63-83)	10 (3F, 7M)/33	0, 500	NPI: 1.60 (0.13)
							PI: 1.52 (0.15)
							DTI + PI: 1.51 (0.21)
Deng et al[156], 2006	Siemens Sonata	1.5	(1) SS SE EPI, BH	2000/82	9	0, 502	(1) 1.18 (0.14)
			(2) MS PROPELLER, FB, RT, FS + 2 saturation slabs	2000/105			(2) 1.39 (0.19)
Lewin et al[157], 2007	Siemens Maestro	1.5	SS SE EPI, NC, FS	1400/76	20 (9F, 11M)/31.4 (7)	0, 200, 400, 800	1.44 (0.02)
Taouli et al[158], 2007	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS EPI, BH, FS	1300/(51-71)	7 (2F, 5M)/32	0, 50, 300, 500, 700, 1000	1.66 (0.12)
Luciani et al[159], 2008	Siemens Avanto	1.5	RT	1500/70	25 (13F, 12M)/48 (16)	0, 200, 400, 800	1.39 (0.2)
Bruegel et al[160], 2008	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS EPI, NC, BH, FS	NR/69	102 (46F, 56M)/61	50, 300, 600	1.24 (0.15)
Braithwaite et al[49], 2009	Siemens Trio	3.0	Stimulated echo EPI, FB, FS	3200/76	20 (20M)/34.7	0, 400	2.4 (0.50) E
2Saremi et al[161], 2011	a. Siemens Avanto	a. 1.5	SS SE EPI, FS	(1) 150/75	13 (2F, 11M)/46 (13)	50, 400, 1000	a. 0.86(0.2)
	b. Siemens Trio	b. 3.0	(1) BH, no PI	(2) 144/72			b. 0.83(0.2)
			(2) BH, PI	(3) 174/87
			(3) FB, PI
Watanabe et al[51], 2011	Philips Achieva	3.0	SS EPI, BH	2291/44	18	0, 500	1.36 (0.11)
Bakan et al[162], 2012	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS SE EPI, FS	4800/82	25 (11F, 14M)/39.8 (11.4)	0, 500, 1000	1.75 (0.14)
Miquel et al[34], 2012	Philips Achieva	1.5	SS SE EPI, FB	(5300-5800)/62	10 (7F, 3M)/32.3 (4.6)	100, 200, 500, 750, 1000	V1: 1.05 (0.04) V2: 1.06 (0.07)
3Andreou et al[163], 2013	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS SE EPI, NC, RT, FS	5000/68	14 (7F, 7M)/59.7	0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 250, 500, 900	1.22
Corona-Villalobos et al[58], 2013	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS SE EPI, BH	(1) 3000/(69-79)	100 (36F, 64M)/60.4 (14.3)	(1) 0, 750	(1) 1.22 (0.15)
				(2) 2500/(76-95)		(2) 0, 50, 100, 200, 300, 450, 600, 750	(2) 0.96 (0.08)
Klasen et al[63], 2013	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS EPI	(6825-6930)/(68-76)	50 (30F, 20M)/55.1	50, 300, 600	O1: 1.053 (0.124)
							O2: 1.088 (0.146)
Larsen et al[48], 2013	Philips Achieva	3.0	SS SE EPI, BHI, BHE, RT, FB, FS	(1600-2000)/71-72	10 (4F, 6M)/24	0, 150, 500, 750, 1000	b = 0, 750:
							BHI: 1.52 (0.11)
							BHE: 1.54 (0.1)
							FB: 1.44 (0.11)
							RT: 1.48 (0.11)
							b = 150, 750:
							BHI: 0.81 (0.09)
							BHE: 0.83 (0.10)
							FB: 0.91 (0.08)
							RT: 0.92 (0.07)
Penner et al[164], 2013	Philips Intera	1.5	SS SE EPI, RT, SPIR	1648/63	15 (12F, 3M)/44 (11)	0, 50, 800	1.30 (0.11)
Donati et al[56], 2014	(1) Siemens Sonata	1.5	SS SE EPI, FB, FS	(5000-6225)/(36-76)	10 (10M)/36.6 (7.7)	0, 1000	(1) LL: 1.207 (0.194)
	(2) Siemens Trio	3.0					RL: 1.026 (0.260)
	(3) Philips Achieva	1.5					(2) LL: 1.132 (0.250)
	(4) Philips Achieva	3.0					RL: 0.966 (0.187)
	(5) GE Signa	1.5					(3) LL: 1.349 (0.178)
	(6) GE Discovery	3.0					RL: 1.128 (0.127)
							(4) LL: 1.097 (0.129)
							RL: 1.108 (0.110)
							(5) LL: 1.271 (0.133)
							RL: 1.151 (0.162)
							(6) LL: 1.524 (0.356)
							RL: 1.280 (0.372)
Leporq et al[33], 2015	GE Discovery	3.0	SE EPI, RT, FB, No FS	2000/(48-55)	25 (9F, 16M)/27.1 (4.5)	0, 800	RT: 1.65 (0.28)
							FB + (TE = 48): 1.63 (0.22)
							FB + (TE = 55): 1.57 (0.26)
							FB + WA:
							1.55 (0.24)
Duran et al[165], 2015	Philips Intera	1.5	SS EPI, FB, SPIR	3448/63	53 (33F, 20M)/50	0, 150, 600	1.52 (0.32)

Some studies were carried out with more b-values than specified in the following table to compute IVIM-specific parameters.

¹Range for three diffusion directions;

²Mean ADC of the three sequences reported in the paper;

³These authors reported the mean of median ADC values. ADC: Apparent diffusion coefficient; F: Female; M: Male; NR: Not reported; SS: Single shot; MS: Multi-shot; SE: Spin echo; STEAM: Stimulated echo; EPI: Echo planar imaging; RF: Radiofrequency; RT: Respiratory triggered; NC: Navigator controlled; FB: Free breathing; BH: Breath-hold; BHI: Breath-hold end inspiratory; BHE: Breath-hold end expiratory; SPIR: Spectral pre-saturation with inversion recovery; FS: Fat suppressed; E: Estimated from the chart; FA: Flip angle; P: Population; V: Visit; PI: Parallel imaging; NPI: No parallel imaging; DTI: Diffusion tensor imaging; WA: Weighted averaging for different b values; LL: Left liver lobe; RL: Right liver lobe.