Vascular anomalies: A pictorial review of nomenclature, diagnosis and treatment

Figure 9 Foaming the sclerosant increases the surface contact of the foam micelles with the endothelium of the malformation. Axial T2 magnetic resonance demonstrating high signal intensity subcutaneous low flow venous malformation of the left upper arm (A). The lower signal small round structure likely represents a phlebolith. Color Doppler ultrasound demonstrates low flow signal in the venous malformation (B). Venography prior to sclerotherapy with tourniquet in place on upper arm demonstrates the venous malformation with no filling of normal deep venous drainage (C). A few faint radio-opaque phleboliths are seen in the venographic image.