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Copyright ©2014 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
World J Radiol. Oct 28, 2014; 6(10): 756-778
Published online Oct 28, 2014. doi: 10.4329/wjr.v6.i10.756
Table 4 Tourette syndrome deep brain stimulation targets: Activation/deactivation of cortical and subcortical targets
Gpi_DBSThalamic_DBSNac-ALIC_DBSPf_DBSCM_DBS
Prefrontal cortex↓Min6↑Knight1d,5↑Kim7,8b,9,10b↑Kim7,8a,9,10a
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex↑Min1b
Cingulate
Anterior cingulate cortex↑Min1b
Dorsalanterior cingulate cortex↑Knight4↓Kim7810↓Kim7a,8,9,10
Dorsal Posterior cingulate cortex↓Kim7,8a,10↓Kim7d,8,9,10
Motor cortex
Primary motor cortex↑Min1b↓Kim7,8a ,9,10a↓Kim7,8b,9,10a
Premotor cortex↑Min1b↓Kim7,8a,9,10a↓Kim7a,e,f, 8ba,9a,10a
Primary somatosensory cortex↑Min1b↓Kim7,8a,9,10a↓Kim7,8,9,10a
Insula↑Min1b↑Knight1d,4↓Kim79↑ 8a,10a↓Kim78910
Temporal lobe
Inferior temporal gyrus↓Kuhn↓Kim7↑8a,10↓Kim79↑810
Striatum
Caudate↑Min1b↓Kuhn ↓Vernaleken↓Kim810↑Kim7↓810
Putamen↑Kuhn ↑Vernaleken↓Kim810↑Kim7↓810
Thalamus↓Kuhn ↓Vernaleken↓Knight1d,4
Right thalamus↑ Kuhn2
Left thalamus↓Kuhn3
Central thalamic nucleus↑Kim8
Hippocampus↓Kim7810↓Kim8
Parahippocampal cortex↑Knight1d,4↓Kim7810↓Kim7810
1Statistically significant scans;
bP < 0.001, dP < 0.0001, aP < 0.05 vs scans, eResponse at 130 Hz 3 V was significant vs Pf contact site at P < 0.05, fresponse at 60 Hz 3 V was significant vs Pf;
2Patient #3, unilateral had reduction of putamen activity;
3Only in unilateral patient;
4As the stimulation voltage increased from 3 V to 5 V, the region of BOLD signal modulation increased; 5As the stimulation voltage increased from 3V to 5V, the region of BOLD signal modulation area decreased for n = 2 pigs;
6Activation decreased at 2V;
7Response @ 130 Hz 3 V;
8Response @ 130 Hz 5 V;
9Response @ 60 Hz 3 V;
10Response @ 60 Hz 5 V; Gpi: Globus pallidus interna; DBS: Deep brain stimulation; NAc-ALIC: Nucleus accumbens-anterior limb of internal capsule; CM-Pf: Centromedian-parafascicular nuclei complex; BOLD: Blood oxygen level dependent.