Role of functional imaging in the development and refinement of invasive neuromodulation for psychiatric disorders

Table 2 Obsessive compulsive disorder deep brain stimulation targets: Activation/deactivation of cortical and subcortical targets

	STN_DBS	ALIC_DBS	VCVS_DBS
Frontal cortex		↑Nuttin1a
Medial frontal gyrus	↓Le Jeune1f
Inferior frontal gyrus		↓Zuo1b
Supplementary motor area	↑Min1b,5	↓Zuo2
Prefrontal cortex			↑ Knight1d,7
Lateral PFC			↓Figee1b,2,↓ Knight
Dorsolateral PFC	↑Min1b,5		↑Sturm, ↑ Knight
Medial PFC	↓Le Jeune2		↓Figee1a,2 , ↑ Knight
Cingulate			↑Sturm; ↑ Knight1d,7
Anterior cingulate cortex	↑Min1b; ↓Le Jeune1f	↓Zuo1b,2	↑ Knight1d; ↑Rauch1f
Orbitofrontal cortex	↓Le Jeune2	↓Zuo1b; ↓Abelson3	↑Rauch1f
Insula	↑Min1b		↑ Figee; ↑Knight1d,6
Striatum		↑ Nuttin1a
Caudate	↑Min1b	↓Zuo1b	↑Figee
Putamen	↑Min1b		↑Figee; ↓Sturm;↑Rauch1f
Nucleus accumbens			↑Figee1c
Temporal cortex	↑ Min1b,4
Superior temporal gyrus		↓Zuo1b ;↑Nuttin1a
Medial temporal gyrus		↑Nuttin1a
Thalamus	↑ Min1b,4	↓Zuo1b	↑Figee; ↓Knight1d,6; ↑Rauch1f
Pons			↑Nuttin1a
Hippocampus/parahippocampus	↑ Min1b,4		↑ Knight1d,6
Globus pallidus			↑ Rauch1f

¹Statistically significant,

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.001,

^dP < 0.0001,

^fP < 0.005,

^cP = 0.031 vs scans;

²Statistically correlated with treatment response;

³Decreased activity for 2 of 3 patients; ⁴Significant activation to STN vs Gpi; ⁵Significant at 2 V; ⁶As the stimulation voltage increased from 3 V to 5 V, the region of BOLD signal modulation increased; ⁷As the stimulation voltage increased from 3 V to 5 V, the region of BOLD signal modulation area decreased for n = 2 pigs. STN: Subthalamic nucleus; ALIC: Anterior capsulotomy of anterior limb of internal capsules; DBS: Deep brain stimulation; VCVS: Ventral (anterior internal) capsule/ventral striatum; BOLD: Blood oxygen level dependent; PFC: Prefrontal cortex.