Endovascular treatment of carotid cavernous sinus fistula: A systematic review

Figure 3 A thirty one-year-old male patient with right ophthalmoplegia following head trauma was found to have a direct carotid cavernous sinus fistula. A, B: Frontal (A) and lateral (B) digital subtraction angiogram views of right internal carotid artery (ICA) demonstrating laceration of ICA, pseudoaneurysm in the cavernous ICA and direct carotid cavernous sinus fistula; C: After considering the presence of the pseudoaneurysm, two detachable balloons were positioned to occlude the parent artery; D: Right CCA digital subtraction angiogram after balloon occlusion of the ICA showing complete obliteration of the fistula; E, F: Posttreatment left ICA (E) and left vertebral artery (F) injections demonstrating reconstruction of the right ICA area.