Patient selection and preparation strategies for the use of contrast material in patients with chronic kidney disease

Table 2 Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease

Increased in diabetes (relative risk increase for PAD > 4.0; 20%-30% have PAD)

Increases significantly with age (40-49 yr 1% → >80 yr 22% equal to doubling each decade)

Increases in CKD

Increases in smoking (2.5), hypertension (1.5), dyslipidemia (1.1), high body mass index, black race

In the U.S. population > 40 yr 4.5% (corresponds to 12 mill) have PAD (AB index < 0.9%) (NHANES), > 60 yr over 10%

PAD: Peripheral arterial disease; CKD: Chronic kidney disease.